Treatment for prader willi syndrome : Prader Willi syndrome (PWS), also known as Prader-Willi syndrome, a congenital metabolic disorder, is a life-threatening, inherited condition of decreased sensitivity to, and obesity resulting from, eating. PWS is caused by a lack of the neurotransmitter leptin, which causes a large quantity of food to be stored in fat deposits in the body and prevents the body from burning calories. The syndrome affects approximately one in 2,000 births. Individuals with PWS are affected by learning disabilities and are at a high risk for obesity.

The illness is caused by abnormal cells in the brain and often does not occur until puberty. The syndrome typically shows symptoms in infancy or early childhood, but the onset can occur at any time.Fast facts about PWS Approximately 200 individuals have been diagnosed with PWS

Individuals are unable to regulate food intake.Treating PWS is possible with specialized dietary therapy. People with PWS have a three-finger span and a facial appearance that shows abnormality in facial features and small mouth size. The illness impacts the ability to walk, talk, and use the arms. Some individuals may also have learning disabilities.

The disorder has three main types:

Polymorphic PWS

In this type, all of the cells in the hypothalamus — the area of the brain involved in hunger, appetite, and emotions — are affected, causing a type of PWS called polymorphic PWS. In polymorphic PWS, cells that are involved in regulating food intake and energy expenditure are not affected by the lack of leptin.When a person has polymorphic PWS, the body attempts to compensate for the lack of the hormone by using a chemical called ghrelin to increase appetite. The body ultimately becomes unable to regulate food intake.

Affected individuals typically exhibit serious physical characteristics, including shortened stature, severe obesity, and a shortened waist circumference. People with polymorphic PWS typically weigh between 30-50 kg (66-95 lbs), while those with monogenic PWS typically weigh more than 20 kg (44 lbs).

Children and adolescents with PWS are also at a high risk of developing osteoporosis and diabetes.

Inherited PWS

In this type, the disorder is the result of a mutation in the gene that regulates leptin. Although rare, inheritable forms of PWS are caused by mutations in the OR6A2 gene. The mutation is passed down from parent to child.PWS children also typically exhibit mild facial and skeletal features of monogenic PWS.Finally, mutations that cause polymorphic PWS have been identified and documented. However, there is currently no treatment for polymorphic PWS.

Transient PWS

Transient PWS is caused by an infection or other stress that disrupts the body's ability to properly respond to leptin.People with this type of PWS typically recover within one to two weeks.

Treatments for PWS

If no treatment is available, PWS treatment usually depends on how severe a person's PWS is and how severe the food-related behavior is. The treatment may include lifestyle changes and diet, and/or, if necessary, insulin or another hormone replacement therapy.Family history can also play a role in the severity of PWS.

Diagnosis

Obesity may be diagnosed in people with PWS.If a child has an illness that is a risk factor for PWS, it is important to see a doctor to determine whether or not it is genetic. Testing for PWS may be required.

Diagnostic testing can be done at most paediatricians' offices or by a doctor specialized in PWS.PWS is diagnosed using the International PWS Study, which involves clinical, laboratory, and genetic evaluations of an individual suspected of having PWS. A diagnosis requires confirmation by DNA sequencing.

The following questions can help a doctor diagnose PWS:

• Has the person ever been diagnosed with PWS?
• Is there an unusual facial feature associated with PWS?
• Has the person had any other medical problems?
• Do symptoms or a family history suggest that PWS may be present?
• A doctor may recommend genetic testing to confirm or rule out PWS.

When to see a doctor

People should seek medical care if they experience signs and symptoms of severe weight loss or hunger.

Anyone who suspects that they or their child have a medical condition that could be triggering PWS symptoms should visit a doctor. People should seek medical care if they experience signs and symptoms of severe weight loss or hunger.

• Anyone experiencing some of the following symptoms should contact a doctor immediately:
• Problems with the mouth, including difficulties chewing or swallowing
• Problems with walking, talking, or using arms
• Signs and symptoms of infection, including flu-like symptoms, rash, headache, joint pain, or loss of appetite
• Bladder problems, including a frequent need to urinate, urgency, or leaking
• Tremors in the face, face or neck
• Low blood pressure
• Trouble seeing
• Muscle weakness
• Slurred speech
• Low blood sugar
• High blood sugar
• Fast heartbeat
• Nausea or vomiting
• Abdominal pain, cramps, or weakness

What is the life expectancy for people with PWS?

PWS is rare. The life expectancy for people with PWS is between 10 and 15 years from the onset of symptoms.However, the potential for developing new health complications may increase with age.

Food and lifestyle tips

Meal planning can help individuals with PWS prepare healthy, balanced meals. Meal planning can help individuals with PWS prepare healthy, balanced meals.As with other medical conditions, including asthma, schizophrenia, and celiac disease, people with PWS have different dietary needs and preferences.Therefore, it is important to consult with a doctor, dietitian, or other health care professional to discuss and develop a meal plan.

Foods that are on the safe, lower-risk list include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat or fat-free dairy.While a variety of foods can be tolerated, other foods can make individuals with PWS feel nauseated or sensitive to taste. People with PWS should also be careful with foods with high-fructose corn syrup or refined sugar.

Foods with a high fat content are also usually avoided. Foods with a high fat content can often cause bloating or gas. This can lead to a loss of appetite and weight loss, and this could lead to dehydration, muscle weakness, and other complications.As with any other medical condition, it is essential to follow a doctor's recommendations regarding food and nutrition.

However, people with PWS are often successful with meal planning in the following way:

Meal planning can help individuals with PWS prepare healthy, balanced meals. Meal planning can help individuals with PWS prepare healthy, balanced meals.

Routines: For each day of the week, meals should be planned, and several meals should be set aside for the week. When a routine is in place, people will know what to eat, and they can count on having a balanced diet.

Foods: Selecting food items that are easy to eat is a good idea, but eating healthy can be difficult. Make sure that foods are easy to digest, especially when they are new foods.

Stick to a list: Make a grocery list with food options that are simple to prepare. Once a person has decided what to buy and prepare, they can stick to the plan.

Diet and activity: People with PWS should get plenty of exercise, and they should increase their activity over time. However, they may need some assistance with it.

When to see a doctor

People with PWS should see a doctor if they experience severe weight loss, difficulty with swallowing, gait problems, or joint pain.Many of the most common complications of PWS can be treated with over-the-counter medications, including:

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antihistamines for allergies
• Antihistamines for insect bites or stings
• Topical corticosteroids to relieve itching
• Fat-soluble vitamins or supplements
• Vitamins D, E, or K for bone health
• Anti-inflammatories for joint pain or swelling
• Fluids for dehydration
• Gastric feeding to prevent hunger

Dietitians, physicians, and other health care professionals can provide care and guidance to people with PWS in person or over the phone.Although people with PWS often face medical challenges, there are many benefits to living with the condition.Living with PWS gives people with PWS the opportunity to understand what their food and other nutritional needs are, and they are given the option to consume foods that are safe and wholesome.

Anyone concerned about symptoms or symptoms of PWS should speak to their doctor.

According to the website Beyond PWS, PWS can be managed through a combination of special education classes and nutritional therapy.Many individuals with PWS have gone on to have rewarding careers and live fulfilling lives, even though their early lives were filled with frustration.Like people with any condition, PWS can be challenging, but it is possible to live a full and happy life with PWS.

Many people with PWS are able to lead fulfilling and happy lives. According to Beyond PWS, those who are able to learn to eat better foods and manage any medical complications with a supportive network of people and doctors.Eating a well-balanced diet and being active can give those with PWS an additional level of support. Those with PWS should work with their doctor to learn what foods are appropriate for their needs.The best way to prevent the complications of PWS is by eating a varied diet, avoiding supplements, and avoiding insect bites and stings.Individuals who have questions about managing PWS and living a full life with the condition can talk to a doctor or other health care professional.

What are some of the risk factors for PWS?

PWS can be difficult to diagnose because there is often no identifiable cause. Also, while there are many genetic causes of PWS, many of them are not linked to PWS.

Risk factors include:

Genetic factors: PWS can be genetic and is typically passed from the parents to their children. For example, two of every 100 people with PWS have a parent with PWS, and the parents themselves have PWS.

PWS can be genetic and is typically passed from the parents to their children. For example, two of every 100 people with PWS have a parent with PWS, and the parents themselves have PWS. Inherited disease: The condition can also be inherited. For example, PWS is an inherited form of food allergy.

The condition can also be inherited. For example, PWS is an inherited form of food allergy. Familial hyperinsulinism: This condition, inherited through the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, is characterized by extreme insulin resistance and high blood sugar.

This condition, inherited through the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, is characterized by extreme insulin resistance and high blood sugar. Renal failure: People with PWS often have kidney problems or kidney failure.

People with PWS often have kidney problems or kidney failure. Certain medications: PWS may also be caused by certain prescription medications. Anyone who is taking one of these medications should talk to their doctor to find out if the medication is making them feel unwell or if it may be causing symptoms of PWS.

PWS can also be caused by a few known conditions, including:

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus can cause genetic changes that are passed on to future generations. Some studies have linked PWS to EBV infections.This virus can cause genetic changes that are passed on to future generations. Some studies have linked PWS to EBV infections. Diabetes: People with PWS often have high blood sugar or diabetes.

People with PWS often have high blood sugar or diabetes. Hepatitis C: According to the website PWS and Your Relationship with Hepatitis, people with PWS have a 1.7 to 2.7 percent chance of having a severe form of hepatitis C.

According to the website PWS and Your Relationship with Hepatitis, people with PWS have a 1.7 to 2.7 percent chance of having a severe form of hepatitis C. CRPC: This condition, also known as chronic kidney disease, is not known to be connected to PWS.

What are the symptoms of PWS?

Some of the early signs of PWS include:

• Frequent urination and thirst
• A strong and persistent urge to go to the bathroom
• Difficulty staying awake during the day
• When it is daytime, a person may find it difficult to maintain an alert state
• Difficulty with eating
• Lack of interest in food
• Achiness in hands and feet
• Feeling tired easily
• Shiny skin (serum jaundice)

What are the symptoms of PWS in children?

Children may also have some of the symptoms of PWS, but may not be able to express it to doctors.

Some of the symptoms of PWS in children include:

• Lack of interest in food
• Becoming lethargic and listless
• Making slow movements, such as swaying from side to side
• Severe weight loss
• Body dry skin, hair loss, and loss of eyelashes

Complications of PWS

In rare cases, complications of PWS can lead to life-threatening conditions. In particular, some complications can include:

• Lethargy
• Low blood pressure
• Inappropriate or high blood sugar
• Irritability
• Flooding of the skin or swelling in the face
• Frequent UTIs (urinary tract infections)
• Kidney failure
• Heart problems
• Low blood potassium levels
• Lack of skin tone

What is the outlook for people with PWS?

PWS is a lifelong disorder that impacts people's ability to communicate, learn, and carry out day-to-day tasks. Some treatments include insulin, blood sugar, and in some cases a PEG-tube feeding system.

The outlook for people with PWS depends on their age, medical condition, and social environment.

Prevention

There is currently no cure for PWS. PWS is a lifelong disorder that impacts people's ability to communicate, learn, and carry out day-to-day tasks. Some treatments include insulin, blood sugar, and in some cases a PEG-tube feeding system.

There is currently no cure for PWS. However, there are several ways to reduce the risk of complications.

Identification

The most effective way to prevent complications of PWS is to know someone with PWS, especially if they have children.

In addition, PWS is often diagnosed in childhood when children are around five or six years old. To identify signs of PWS, doctors recommend that parents ask about the symptoms of PWS, including any unusual weight loss, in their child.

How do people with PWS manage the condition?

In many cases, people with PWS manage their condition with their family doctor and pediatrician. Treatment is available to lower blood sugar levels, stabilize blood pressure, and treat skin disorders.Medications for PWS include insulin, a type of medication that helps the body use carbohydrates to process sugar, and a drug called metformin. These are taken by mouth.People with PWS are also advised to eat a balanced diet, including low-carbohydrate, high-fat foods.A PEG-tube feeding system is used to feed a person through a tube in the stomach or the small intestine. People with PWS cannot eat normally because of their inability to regulate their eating habits. The tube lasts up to four years and is usually removed after a person reaches adulthood.

Prevention of PWS may be possible by being mindful of food allergies and avoiding foods that can cause an allergic reaction. It may also help to limit meals that are rich in fat or sugar.

Because PWS is a lifelong condition, most people with PWS will always be at risk for complications of the condition.

With timely and effective treatment, most people with PWS do have productive lives. Some people with PWS are able to work in jobs and do well at school. Some people with PWS may also have children.

Unfortunately, many people with PWS never reach adulthood. A few people with PWS have died while they were children due to complications of the condition.

These complications include:

• Possible heart and kidney disease
• Impaired physical development
• Cerebral palsy
• A heart defect
• Diabetes

Lowering the risk of complications and living a full life with PWS depends on the severity of the disorder. A person with severe PWS may need continuous monitoring and therapy.

Outlook for families of people with PWS

When a parent with a child with PWS has another child, the child may inherit the disease. This can mean that other siblings also have PWS.For example, siblings may have to undergo insulin shots because they also have blood sugar problems. If the sibling does not have PWS, they will need to know how to take medication if they ever need it.Family members of people with PWS should be aware of the potential risks of passing the disease to children.

PWS is a lifelong condition that cannot be reversed. Therefore, it is vital for parents to educate themselves about the condition before having children. They should also be aware of the signs and symptoms of the condition.If a child does not have PWS but does have the same genes as the affected sibling, the child is at risk of having PWS. This is called a “carrier” trait.

PWS does not usually cause behavioral or physical symptoms until a person reaches puberty, but it may occur earlier.Parents of people with PWS should be aware that many people with PWS have difficulty gaining weight in adulthood.Encouraging a child with PWS to take regular exercise and eat a healthy diet can help to minimize or prevent weight gain and delayed puberty.

For many people, regular exercise helps with controlling glucose levels. There are also many vitamins and medications available to help people with PWS.

Summary

People with PWS usually have severe weight problems as adults. This may affect their ability to maintain a healthy weight or lead a normal life.Many people with PWS also have other medical issues, including diabetes and cardiovascular issues. Most people with PWS learn to manage their condition to a high degree of success and manage the disease well into adulthood.

However, complications may occur and require special care.PWS can affect a person's mental development and affect their ability to function on a daily basis. Treatment for PWS is available and often includes insulin, oral medications, and the use of the feeding tube.Many people with PWS reach adulthood and continue living full, independent lives.In more rare cases, people with PWS can develop health problems in their hearts or kidneys.

Sometimes, children with PWS are born without the usual number of chromosomes and develop later than is typical. It is unclear why this happens, but it is likely a combination of genetic and environmental factors.The older children with PWS are, the less likely they are to become obese or develop diabetes.

In rare cases, people with PWS may die in infancy or early childhood.PWS is a lifelong condition that is partly genetic and partly environmental. The genes that cause PWS are also associated with many other medical conditions.The development of PWS also depends on other factors, such as a person's lifestyle and the quality of their health care.

Understanding the diagnosis and potential complications is important for the parents and their children. In some cases, if children have genetic or physical health problems, they may also have problems with self-care or self-injury.Existing research suggests that early intervention is beneficial for those who have PWS. In people who have PWS before puberty, they may experience a slower onset of puberty and delayed puberty.PWS and related disorders can affect a person's mental development. This may affect how well they function and may make life more difficult for them.

Anyone concerned about a child with PWS should discuss it with their doctor or other healthcare professionals.It is important to consider the effects of PWS on the physical development of the child. Anyone with PWS should talk to a doctor to understand how best to manage their condition.As well as treating people with PWS, it is also important for the family and caregivers to be aware of the potential risks of PWS and how to reduce those risks.

Any changes to diet and medication should be made in consultation with a doctor and other healthcare professionals.Regular exercise and an active lifestyle may help to slow down the pace of PWS in those who are still at risk of becoming obese or developing diabetes.

Why Do Some People Need Less Sleep

There’s no precise formula for how much sleep a person needs; each person needs a different amount for different reasons, says Dr. Ned Sharpless, director of the Emotion and Self-Regulation Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. People who need less sleep are generally better rested because their bodies are already in a state of reduced wakefulness. Their minds have already cleared their immediate thoughts and they’re ready to be calm and balanced, Sharpless says.

Sleep also boosts the body’s physical processes, such as the liver’s production of hormones that regulate blood sugar. “Without that extra sleep, that would not be happening,” says Kelli Miner, an associate professor at the Harvard School of Public Health. That said, healthy adults require eight hours of sleep a night.

Miner cites three major behavioral and medical conditions that can affect a person’s sleep: depression, sleep apnea and insomnia. “Some people have a real hard time when they’re depressed or have insomnia,” Miner says. “If someone is depressed and can’t sleep, they may not even want to get out of bed, because it would mean they would have to do something about their feelings.” For those with insomnia, suppressing that urge to sleep can be the key to avoiding the feelings that can become so overwhelming that people can’t deal with them in any other way. “They can become withdrawn, depressed,” Miner says.

Trying to beat insomnia by avoiding going to sleep on a nightly basis and then trying to sleep at night is a big mistake, Miner says. “That can cause the problem to get worse,” she says. “If you’re able to rest at night and go to sleep, that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re less sleepy. You may just be able to fall asleep on time because you’re so well rested.”

Some people who are unable to get their bodies to stop thinking can find relief in a form of relaxation therapy that can help them feel calm and clear headed.

About half of American adults are affected by sleep apnea, says Ramani Durvasula, a neuroscientist and assistant professor of psychology at Stanford University. But only about a third of them have been diagnosed, she says.

Sleep apnea is a serious disorder that prevents people from breathing at least 30 seconds at a time during sleep. People who suffer from sleep apnea can wake up several times a night gasping for air. The disorder is linked to a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and a greater likelihood of having a stroke. Many of these health problems can be fatal.

Affecting as many as 3 percent of Americans, sleep apnea is more common in men than in women and affects everyone of all ages. People with a diagnosis of sleep apnea who don’t get treatment for it are at risk for long-term health problems, Durvasula says.

“These people become tired, they have blood sugar problems, they have metabolic problems and depression,” Durvasula says. “Those kinds of things come along with this reduction in oxygen.” In addition, a person with sleep apnea may have a difficult time thinking clearly.

Like many types of depression, sleep apnea is more common in people who have higher levels of depression or anxiety, Miner says. In fact, she says, people with depression tend to be more at risk for sleep apnea. “A lot of it is linked to depression,” Miner says. “If you have a lot of depression, you may not be getting enough sleep and therefore not feeling well rested.”

In the study that provides the most accurate estimate of sleep apnea in the general population, those between 18 and 45 had an average of 18 apnea events per hour (a typical sleep episode for a person without sleep apnea is four or five per hour).

“The larger this percentage of people who have sleep apnea is, the more acute the problem becomes,” Miner says. “If you have only one person with sleep apnea in the same room as you, you may not notice it, but multiply that by a thousand people, and you’re suddenly at risk for pretty serious problems.”

People with sleep apnea are at a greater risk of having heart attacks and strokes, Durvasula says, which can be a life-threatening problem. But she and other sleep apnea researchers point out that stroke risk is reduced by the fact that the lack of oxygen in the blood carries a mild wake-up feeling that prevents people from suddenly becoming aggressive and not wanting to wake up to a medical emergency. “If you can get a good night’s sleep and wake up feeling clearheaded, then you may not have the need to use the phone or the 911 emergency number for your heart to be palpitating,” Durvasula says.

Doctors and psychologists can often detect sleep apnea simply by asking a patient to complete a questionnaire about his or her sleep habits, Durvasula says. People who are overweight and not very active may not notice that they are breathing less than their peers.

Obstructive sleep apnea usually shows up during sleep when the throat relaxes and the airway becomes partially blocked. The most common form of sleep apnea is obstructive, which occurs when tissue that separates the two top nasal passages or two lower airways narrows. When the nose is blocked, air cannot flow through the airway, which prevents a person from breathing. The most common reason for obstructive sleep apnea is a congenital defect in the brain’s softening, shearing or softening mechanisms.

“Even though we know that sleep apnea is associated with cardiovascular problems, there is not a lot of research showing that it’s linked to depression,” Durvasula says. “We know that [sleep apnea] can be part of depression, but now we’re starting to understand more about why that is.”

In addition to causing fatigue and depression, obstructive sleep apnea can cause an increased risk of hypertension, high blood sugar, insulin resistance and cardiovascular problems. More than 50,000 U.S. deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease each year, but untreated sleep apnea is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular problems, according to a recent report from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Approximately one-quarter of people with sleep apnea are obese, which adds to the severity of the problem, Durvasula says. “Obesity can affect the body’s way of reacting to oxygen, so that can cause a more severe form of the condition.”

For some people with sleep apnea, there is no cure. A general treatment is to wear a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine that will keep air flowing through the airway, Durvasula says. “The good news is that patients can use the machine themselves and get a sense of what it feels like and adjust accordingly,” she says.

A CPAP machine will cost around $600 to $700, depending on how many filters and accessories are needed. “In some ways, it’s similar to oxygen tank therapy in that people will have to see a doctor and get fitted,” Durvasula says. “But you do the sleep study and the doctor starts you out with a machine to see how well you do. You can really get back to the most basic life with a CPAP machine.”

Restoring a person’s natural sleep patterns can sometimes make symptoms of sleep apnea more manageable, Durvasula says. However, many people have to use a CPAP machine nightly for the rest of their lives, she adds.

In this study, people who were prescribed an inexpensive continuous positive airway pressure device had significantly improved quality of life compared to people who were simply told they had sleep apnea, Durvasula says. “CPAP really has a number of effects, including improving a patient’s ability to get and stay asleep, decreasing daytime sleepiness and sleepiness,” she says.

Doctors and researchers have identified a variety of physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of sleep apnea, and some of the causes are tied to genetics. Durvasula says the role of sleep apnea in people with mood disorders has been a hot topic of research in the last decade. “Maybe some of the [sleep disorder] symptoms are caused by a combination of the sleep disorders and a history of depression,” she says. “I think it’s important that we do more research to see if the symptoms can be directly linked.”

There’s no precise formula for how much sleep a person needs; each person needs a different amount for different reasons, says Dr. Ned Sharpless, director of the Emotion and Self-Regulation Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine. People who need less sleep are generally better rested because their bodies are already in a state of reduced wakefulness. Their minds have already cleared their immediate thoughts and they’re ready to be calm and balanced, Sharpless says.

Sleep also boosts the body’s physical processes

Sleep also boosts the body’s physical processes, such as the liver’s production of hormones that regulate blood sugar. “Without that extra sleep, that would not be happening,” says Kelli Miner, an associate professor at the Harvard School of Public Health. That said, healthy adults require eight hours of sleep a night.

Miner cites three major behavioral and medical conditions that can affect a person’s sleep: depression, sleep apnea and insomnia. “Some people have a real hard time when they’re depressed or have insomnia,” Miner says. “If someone is depressed and can’t sleep, they may not even want to get out of bed, because it would mean they would have to do something about their feelings.” For those with insomnia, suppressing that urge to sleep can be the key to avoiding the feelings that can become so overwhelming that people can’t deal with them in any other way. “They can become withdrawn, depressed,” Miner says.

Trying to beat insomnia by avoiding going to sleep on a nightly basis and then trying to sleep at night is a big mistake, Miner says. “That can cause the problem to get worse,” she says. “If you’re able to rest at night and go to sleep, that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re less sleepy. You may just be able to fall asleep on time because you’re so well rested.”

Some people who are unable to get their bodies to stop thinking can find relief in a form of relaxation therapy that can help them feel calm and clear headed.

About half of American adults are affected by sleep apnea, says Ramani Durvasula, a neuroscientist and assistant professor of psychology at Stanford University. But only about a third of them have been diagnosed, she says.

Sleep apnea is a serious disorder that prevents people from breathing at least 30 seconds at a time during sleep. People who suffer from sleep apnea can wake up several times a night gasping for air. The disorder is linked to a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and a greater likelihood of having a stroke. Many of these health problems can be fatal.

Affecting as many as 3 percent of Americans, sleep apnea is more common in men than in women and affects everyone of all ages. People with a diagnosis of sleep apnea who don’t get treatment for it are at risk for long-term health problems, Durvasula says.

“These people become tired, they have blood sugar problems, they have metabolic problems and depression,” Durvasula says. “Those kinds of things come along with this reduction in oxygen.” In addition, a person with sleep apnea may have a difficult time thinking clearly.

Like many types of depression, sleep apnea is more common in people who have higher levels of depression or anxiety, Miner says. In fact, she says, people with depression tend to be more at risk for sleep apnea. “A lot of it is linked to depression,” Miner says. “If you have a lot of depression, you may not be getting enough sleep and therefore not feeling well rested.”

In the study that provides the most accurate estimate of sleep apnea in the general population, those between 18 and 45 had an average of 18 apnea events per hour (a typical sleep episode for a person without sleep apnea is four or five per hour).

“The larger this percentage of people who have sleep apnea is, the more acute the problem becomes,” Miner says. “If you have only one person with sleep apnea in the same room as you, you may not notice it, but multiply that by a thousand people, and you’re suddenly at risk for pretty serious problems.”

People with sleep apnea are at a greater risk of having heart attacks and strokes, Durvasula says, which can be a life-threatening problem. But she and other sleep apnea researchers point out that stroke risk is reduced by the fact that the lack of oxygen in the blood carries a mild wake-up feeling that prevents people from suddenly becoming aggressive and not wanting to wake up to a medical emergency. “If you can get a good night’s sleep and wake up feeling clearheaded, then you may not have the need to use the phone or the 911 emergency number for your heart to be palpitating,” Durvasula says.

Doctors and psychologists can often detect sleep apnea simply by asking a patient to complete a questionnaire about his or her sleep habits, Durvasula says. People who are overweight and not very active may not notice that they are breathing less than their peers.

Obstructive sleep apnea usually shows up during sleep when the throat relaxes and the airway becomes partially blocked. The most common form of sleep apnea is obstructive, which occurs when tissue that separates the two top nasal passages or two lower airways narrows. When the nose is blocked, air cannot flow through the airway, which prevents a person from breathing. The most common reason for obstructive sleep apnea is a congenital defect in the brain’s softening, shearing or softening mechanisms.

“Even though we know that sleep apnea is associated with cardiovascular problems, there is not a lot of research showing that it’s linked to depression,” Durvasula says. “We know that [sleep apnea] can be part of depression, but now we’re starting to understand more about why that is.”

In addition to causing fatigue and depression, obstructive sleep apnea can cause an increased risk of hypertension, high blood sugar, insulin resistance and cardiovascular problems. More than 50,000 U.S. deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease each year, but untreated sleep apnea is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular problems, according to a recent report from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Approximately one-quarter of people with sleep apnea are obese, which adds to the severity of the problem, Durvasula says. “Obesity can affect the body’s way of reacting to oxygen, so that can cause a more severe form of the condition.”

For some people with sleep apnea, there is no cure. A general treatment is to wear a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine that will keep air flowing through the airway, Durvasula says. “The good news is that patients can use the machine themselves and get a sense of what it feels like and adjust accordingly,” she says.

A CPAP machine will cost around $600 to $700, depending on how many filters and accessories are needed. “In some ways, it’s similar to oxygen tank therapy in that people will have to see a doctor and get fitted,” Durvasula says. “But you do the sleep study and the doctor starts you out with a machine to see how well you do. You can really get back to the most basic life with a CPAP machine.”

Restoring a person’s natural sleep patterns can sometimes make symptoms of sleep apnea more manageable, Durvasula says. However, many people have to use a CPAP machine nightly for the rest of their lives, she adds.

In this study, people who were prescribed an inexpensive continuous positive airway pressure device had significantly improved quality of life compared to people who were simply told they had sleep apnea, Durvasula says. “CPAP really has a number of effects, including improving a patient’s ability to get and stay asleep, decreasing daytime sleepiness and sleepiness,” she says.

Doctors and researchers have identified a variety of physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of sleep apnea, and some of the causes are tied to genetics. Durvasula says the role of sleep apnea in people with mood disorders has been a hot topic of research in the last decade. “Maybe some of the [sleep disorder] symptoms are caused by a combination of the sleep disorders and a history of depression,” she says. “I think it’s important that we do more research to see if the symptoms can be directly linked.”

How to manage Mood swings : Mood swings are periods where your mind shifts into a negative state of mind. There are different types of mood swings and all of them are happening due to certain external circumstances. People with depression have extreme mood swings and it can be dangerous. So, if you or your loved ones are having an extreme mood swings please consult a doctor who can understand the reasons and prescribe medication to you.

Risk factors:

Age and gender – This is one of the major reasons for your mood swings. It's often seen in girls, women, and people with a history of mental disorders. There are no certain risk factors and these kind of mood swings can occur in anyone.If you suffer from depression – You need to consult a psychiatrist before taking any steps. Depression is the most common cause of mood swings. However, mood swings also occur as a result of severe depression.In order to control these swings there are some things you can do.

Eat healthy foods – Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce the side-effects of mood swings. Eating a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, olive oil, and poultry can help you stay in control of your weight and keep you in a healthy state.

Meditate – Meditating can help you stay calm and relaxed. It can help you with controlling your emotions and it will definitely keep your moods stable.

Sleep well – It's important to sleep well because if you don't sleep well then you're more prone to mood swings. Try to get seven to eight hours of uninterrupted sleep every day.

Exercise regularly – Even if you don't have enough time to exercise, just trying to do a few exercises, like a brisk walk every day, can help you control your moods.Get some outdoor light – Being exposed to sunlight helps increase your serotonin levels. It helps you feel calm and relaxed. Even a few minutes of exposure to natural light can help you get rid of the stress.

Love yourself – People with mood swings need to be mindful about their self-esteem. What are the triggers of your moods? Spend some time each day to identify the reasons behind your moods and figure out what you can do to overcome them.

Say no to negative things – Your loved ones and friends would like you to be happy and so would you. Just don't say yes to any of the suggestions from the people around.

Stay Positive – If you keep grudges against yourself then you will keep all of your mood swings in place. Negative thinking will bring about more mood swings.

Get some exercise – It's vital to exercise daily to control your mood swings.

Remember not to worry – Just focus on taking one step at a time to tackle the problem.

Eat green foods – Instead of carbs, you should eat greens. Greens have great health benefits and they can help you improve your moods.

Hypertension – Many people who suffer from mood swings suffer from high blood pressure. It is not a life-threatening issue, but it can cause a lot of problems and make it difficult for you to control your moods. If you have high blood pressure, you should consult a doctor so that you can control your blood pressure and your mood swings.

Physical health problems – If you're suffering from chronic health problems like diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, then you are more likely to suffer from mood swings. As you become more stressed and depressed due to these issues, you are more prone to mood swings.

Emotional problems – If you're going through depression, then you will have a lot of stress in your life, which will make you more susceptible to mood swings.

Psychological issues – If you are suffering from any psychological disorder, such as phobias, then you are more likely to suffer from mood swings.

Cancer – Cancer has certain psychological effects that can lead to mood swings. If you suffer from cancer, you will definitely have mood swings.

Diabetes – Your brain is also involved in the control of your diabetes. Diabetes can trigger a lot of emotional problems and it can also give you the tendency to go into depression.

Increase consumption of natural foods – If you want to control your mood swings then you must increase your intake of natural foods. Natural foods are low in sugar and low in carbohydrates. Consume an abundance of fruits, nuts, vegetables, beans, fish, and poultry.

Include exercise – Regular exercise can help you manage your stress and keep your moods in check. Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes a day.

Unexplained mood swings – You need to seek medical attention if you are experiencing unexplained mood swings. This condition is sometimes called bipolar disorder or manic depression.

Try herbal medicines – If your mood swings are sudden and unexplainable, then you might want to try herbal medicines. These medicines are said to have antidepressant properties.

Depression – These are often called major depressive disorder, and it is an illness that can lead to severe mood swings. If you suffer from depression, you should seek medical help immediately. Depression affects a lot of people, especially women. To avoid depression, you should focus on your overall well-being and not just on your physical well-being.

Diagnosing depression – A professional opinion is needed to diagnose depression. This is because depression is an illness that does not necessarily leave a physical mark.

How to control your mood swings

If you are suffering from mood swings, then it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible. This is because you will be able to stop or lower your mood swings if you get proper help. To lower your mood swings, follow the below tips:

Keep yourself busy – You need to make sure that you always have something to do. Do you have a hobby? Do you play an instrument? Do you run a club? Do you love to watch movies or play a sport? By being active and doing something that you love, you will keep yourself busy and you will not be too depressed.

Get enough sleep – Get at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night. Studies have proven that sleeping for more than 7 hours a night can actually contribute to a prolonged mood swing. Get enough sleep so that you can function better during the day.

Have a balance diet – Excessive consumption of artificial sweeteners and stimulants can actually cause you to go into depression. Try to eat balanced diets that include a lot of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats, and healthy fats.

Cherish your loved ones – Feelings of love and care are great mood boosters. These feelings of love and affection help you deal with a difficult situation that you might be facing at the moment. Spending time with your loved ones will help to uplift your mood.

Do not keep dwelling on a situation – If you find yourself going through a difficult time, then do not keep thinking about it. If you think about it, you will always be miserable. Try to keep a positive mindset, because dwelling on negative things will only make you unhappy.

Use positive words – Instead of using words like “not good”, “bad”, “unlucky”, “dumb”, etc., try to use positive words such as “excellent”, “talented”, “fantastic”, etc., as they will make you feel good about yourself.

Prevention

You should try to avoid taking drugs, alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes, and junk food. Do not get involved with people who have negative energy. Do not let yourself be victimized by bad moods and do not waste your precious time worrying about people who do not give you what you want.

Tactical lifestyle changes

lifestyle changes, including lifestyle changes, should be implemented for long-term. You can also try implementing these lifestyle changes for a few weeks and see if they work. Some lifestyle changes that might help in preventing a mood swing include:

Cut down on alcohol consumption – If you drink alcohol, you need to cut down on your consumption. Alcohol has a wide range of effects on your mind and body, and you can use alcohol to make you feel better. But by doing so, you might end up experiencing depression or other mood disorders.

Eat healthier – The best part of being physically active is that it can help you achieve a balanced diet. Your body needs protein, which will help it to stay strong. Low-fat and low-calorie diets are also beneficial because they will increase the production of the feel-good neurotransmitter serotonin. Also, protein-rich foods such as fish, nuts, and lean meats can help to increase energy levels.

Exercise – There is a proven link between obesity and mood disorders. According to the experts, being physically active helps to manage your mood and reduce depression.

Breathe deeper – Breathing exercises can actually help you improve your mood. Deep breathing will help you to calm down and feel less stressed. It also helps to clear your mind.

Know yourself – If you are depressed or feeling helpless, then you need to find out why this is happening. Find out if you have any substance abuse problems, have a problem with alcohol or drugs, or if you are taking anti-depressants. These issues can lead to you to feeling hopeless and having difficulty in treating your mood disorders.

Fulfill your purpose – If you feel that your purpose in life is not fulfilled, then you should try to change it. Fulfillment of one's purpose is important to make you feel good about yourself.

Meditation – It is very easy to get depressed or stressed out, especially after a big event in our lives, such as a loss or illness. Meditation can help you to stay positive and to look for the light in every situation.

Connection with God – It is important to keep in touch with God. Keeping this connection with God will help you to stay in touch with your emotional self and also give you a positive outlook on life.

Try all the above lifestyle changes and see if they help you. If they do, do not give up. As the saying goes, “to fail is to learn something new.” Remember that a sense of humor will also help in making you feel better. When you find yourself getting a bad mood, just remind yourself that it is only temporary.Do not keep dwelling on a situation and forget about yourself. Try to divert your attention by doing fun activities, shopping, exercising, or going to the gym.

Self-care and self-esteem are very important for a mood disorder to be treated. Meditation, exercise, eating a balanced diet, and spending time with friends and family are very good methods to improve your mood.