Category Archives: Diseases & Conditions

Get reliable information on common diseases and conditions, their symptoms, causes, and treatments, to stay informed and proactive about your health

Diabetes and High Blood Pressure is a life taker

Diabetes And High Blood Pressure Is A Life Taker

Diabetes and High Blood Pressure is a life taker

If your BP Values are higher than 130/80 mm Hg or your blood sugar is at least 100 to 125 mg/dL, your doctor may suggest you modify your diet to focus on eating foods that will lower your blood pressure.

Plain, low-fat milk, skim milk, and low-fat cheese can all lower blood pressure.

To reduce your risk of developing diabetes, cut back on foods that are high in sugar, alcohol, and fat. Instead, stick to natural, healthy snacks like whole grain crackers and nuts.

Other risk factors for heart disease

A person’s risk of heart disease increases if they:

  • have high cholesterol
  • have heart disease
  • have risk factors for heart disease

According to the American Heart Association, some of the most significant risk factors for heart disease are:

  • smoking
  • having diabetes
  • having high blood pressure
  • a history of heart attack or stroke
  • a history of heart failure
  • being African American

Having multiple risk factors puts you at an even greater risk of having heart disease. Therefore, it is important to talk to your doctor about your lifestyle, weight, and blood pressure.

Risk factors for stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death in the United States. Nearly 695,000 people in the country have a stroke each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Women are twice as likely as men to have a stroke. There are several risk factors for stroke, including:

  • poor control of blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • being African American or Hispanic
  • having high blood pressure
  • consuming high amounts of alcohol
  • decreased cognitive ability
  • having diabetes
  • having multiple risk factors
  • Ischaemic heart disease (heart disease that happens when the heart isn’t getting enough oxygen-rich blood)

Risk factors for heart disease may also include:

  • having a family history of heart disease
  • frequently smoking
  • having high blood pressure
  • having a sedentary lifestyle

Also, if you take certain medications, these medications can impact your risk of having a heart attack or stroke.

Symptoms of heart disease

Although most people don’t experience symptoms of heart disease, symptoms may include:

  • flu-like symptoms, such as:
  • chest discomfort, such as:
  • chest pain or pressure
  • shortness of breath
  • shortness of breath with exertion
  • fatigue
  • difficulty breathing
  • shortness of blood circulation
  • wheezing
  • shortness of breath with an increase in the level of wheezing
  • body aches and pains
  • passing out
  • feeling anxious or dizzy
  • hunger and thirst
  • very dark urine
  • feeling a lump in your neck or upper back
  • slow heartbeat
  • slow pulse
  • nausea or vomiting
  • sores in the mouth or throat
  • having a fever
  • back pain
  • heart attack
  • orchestral sacral tachycardia (or a tachycardia of the neck).

If someone is having symptoms of heart disease or heart attack, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room immediately.

Complications of heart disease

Problems with the heart can also lead to several complications. These include:

Peripheral artery disease. This occurs when plaque builds up in an artery or vein. It can narrow or block blood flow and lead to numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, according to the American Heart Association.

This occurs when plaque builds up in an artery or vein. It can narrow or block blood flow and lead to numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, according to the American Heart Association. heart attack. This occurs when a clot forms in the wall of an artery and blocks blood flow to the heart. Stroke is often a symptom of a heart attack.

This occurs when a clot forms in the wall of an artery and blocks blood flow to the heart. Stroke is often a symptom of a heart attack. heart failure. This occurs when a person’s heart can’t pump enough blood. This can be a result of:

  • a heart attack or heart surgery
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • high cholesterol
  • a high-sugar diet

Other possible complications may include:

Ischemic heart disease. This occurs when plaque builds up in the heart’s arteries and restricts blood flow to the heart. It can also cause a blockage that prevents blood from reaching the heart.

This occurs when plaque builds up in the heart’s arteries and restricts blood flow to the heart. It can also cause a blockage that prevents blood from reaching the heart. cardiomyopathy. This occurs when the heart muscle is damaged by heart disease and it cannot pump enough blood to the body.

This occurs when the heart muscle is damaged by heart disease and it cannot pump enough blood to the body. heart failure. This occurs when the heart cannot pump blood to the body. It may also cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fatigue.

This occurs when the heart cannot pump blood to the body. It may also cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fatigue. ventricular fibrillation. This occurs when electrical signals from the heart’s lower chambers of the heart—the atria—become disorganized, causing the heart to beat irregularly and in combination with the lower chambers. This causes a rapid heart rate.

This occurs when electrical signals from the heart’s lower chambers of the heart—the atria—become disorganized, causing the heart to beat irregularly and in combination with the lower chambers. This causes a rapid heart rate. ventricular tachycardia. This occurs when the heart’s upper chambers of the heart—the ventricles—work at a faster rate than the lower chambers. This causes the heart to beat more quickly.

How does heart disease affect women?

Women are at a higher risk of heart disease than men. This is because they have longer life expectancies than men, which allows the buildup of plaque in arteries and vessels.

Heart disease is a major cause of death in women. Heart disease is a major cause of death in women.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States.

Heart disease kills more women than cancer and chronic lower respiratory diseases combined. Nearly 610,000 women died of heart disease in 2013.

Heart disease is also the leading cause of death for those aged 45–64 years old. For women, cardiovascular disease causes one in every four deaths. The condition is also responsible for one out of every two deaths among women.

Heart disease and stroke

The two leading causes of death for women are heart disease and stroke. A woman’s risk of death is approximately 25 percent greater for cardiovascular disease than a man.

The leading cause of stroke for women is a stroke, which can be caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery.

A stroke can happen because the plaque buildup that can cause heart disease causes blood to clot in an artery or vein and block blood flow to the brain.

Cardiovascular diseases are the two main causes of death for women aged 45–64 years old.

What are the risk factors?

Factors that increase a woman’s risk of heart disease and stroke include:

  • Age : Both heart disease and stroke occur
  • High blood pressure and diabetes

If your blood pressure is higher than 130/80 mm Hg or your blood sugar is at least 100 to 125 mg/dL, your doctor may suggest you modify your diet to focus on eating foods that will lower your blood pressure.

Plain, low-fat milk, skim milk, and low-fat cheese can all lower blood pressure.

To reduce your risk of developing diabetes, cut back on foods that are high in sugar, alcohol, and fat. Instead, stick to natural, healthy snacks like whole grain crackers and nuts.

Other risk factors for heart disease

A person’s risk of heart disease increases if they:

  • have high cholesterol
  • have heart disease
  • have risk factors for heart disease
  • According to the American Heart Association, some of the most significant risk factors for heart disease are:
  • smoking
  • having diabetes
  • having high blood pressure
  • a history of heart attack or stroke
  • a history of heart failure
  • being African American

Having multiple risk factors puts you at an even greater risk of having heart disease. Therefore, it is important to talk to your doctor about your lifestyle, weight, and blood pressure.

Risk factors for stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death in the United States. Nearly 695,000 people in the country have a stroke each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Women are twice as likely as men to have a stroke. There are several risk factors for stroke, including:

  • poor control of blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • being African American or Hispanic
  • having high blood pressure
  • consuming high amounts of alcohol
  • decreased cognitive ability
  • having diabetes
  • having multiple risk factors
  • Ischaemic heart disease (heart disease that happens when the heart isn’t getting enough oxygen-rich blood)

risk factors for heart disease may also include:

  • Having a family history of heart disease
  • Frequently smoking
  • Having high blood pressure
  • Having a sedentary lifestyle
  • Also, if you take certain medications, these medications can impact your risk of having a heart attack or stroke.
  • Symptoms of heart disease
  • Although most people don’t experience symptoms of heart disease, symptoms may include:
  • Flu-like symptoms, such as:
  • Chest discomfort, such as:
  • Chest pain or pressure
  • Shortness of breath
  • Shortness of breath with exertion
  • Fatigue
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Shortness of blood circulation
  • Wheezing
  • Shortness of breath with an increase in the level of wheezing
  • Body aches and pains
  • Passing out
  • Feeling anxious or dizzy
  • Hunger and thirst
  • Very dark urine
  • Feeling a lump in your neck or upper back
  • Slow heartbeat
  • Slow pulse
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Sores in the mouth or throat
  • Having a fever
  • Back pain
  • Heart attack
  • Orchestral sacral tachycardia (or a tachycardia of the neck).

If someone is having symptoms of heart disease or heart attack, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room immediately.

What happened to monkey pox ?

What happened to monkey pox

Monkeypox is a very rare viral disease that is sometimes confused with smallpox, chicken pox, measles or polio.

It was first discovered in 1958, and named after the African island where it was first identified.

In humans, it can be spread by direct contact with infected animals such as monkeys, or by touching infected personal items, such as clothes or luggage, which are then touched by a patient.

It’s a rare disease, although, as a result of the vaccination campaign against smallpox, the disease is much less likely than it once was.

Rash: The rash starts on the face, but quickly spreads to the body. It’s itchy and inflamed, and patients may not be able to bear their own touch.

Sore throat: Itchy, dry skin.

Exhaustion: Tired and irritable.

Fever: Fever. It’s usually mild and lasts two or three days.

Discharge from rash: Minor, greyish discharge from the eyes.

Sore throat: It can be red and painful, but it may also be dry.

Bacteria: The bacteria may cause the rash to blossom.

Fever: Fever may last a week, or less, and is often accompanied by headache.

Stomach: Suffers abdominal pain and diarrhoea.

Fears of serious infection are probably false because there’s no evidence the infection spreads to the bloodstream or can cause cancer.

Biggest worry: How the infection spreads from person to person.

These are some of the most common questions that people ask about monkeypox, answered by Professor Masha Burina, a virologist at the University of Alberta in Canada.Q: Is monkeypox really contagious?

A: Yes, but it’s rare and only spreads from person to person via direct contact with body fluids, such as the saliva, sweat, and urine, and people with the infection can spread it before they start showing symptoms.

Q: How do you get it?

A: It can be spread by coming into close contact with an infected monkey or monkey meat, which can then spread it to other monkeys and humans, or to people eating the meat.

In addition, it can be spread through the placenta to the newborn baby.

Q: What are the symptoms of monkeypox?

A: The first symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, tiredness, aching muscles and joints, which are often the same as those of smallpox.

Over the following days, the rash appears on the chest, stomach, back, arms and legs. Some patients also develop more serious symptoms including vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, shock and then pneumonia.

In severe cases, the infection can be fatal.

Q: Can monkeypox be spread from person to person?

A: Yes, it can. Once a person is infected, they can spread the virus to people before they show any symptoms.

Q: How long does the infection last?

A: It may last from five days to eight weeks.

Q: What are the treatment options?

A: There is no specific treatment for monkeypox, but patients may have symptom relief with antibiotics.

Q: How is it treated?

A: Antibiotics can be used to treat the infection.

Q: Can it be cured?

A: Yes. When a patient is no longer infectious they can have a skin infection with local treatment.

Q: Are there any health consequences from monkeypox?

A: There is no evidence of long-term health problems linked to monkeypox.

Q: How do you treat the infection?

A: The best treatment is to reduce the amount of body fluids to avoid spreading the infection.

Q: Can the infection spread to other animals?

A: Yes. Animal bites are the biggest risk for transmission.

However, the risk of transmission to people is low.

Q: Is it possible to catch monkeypox outside of Africa?

A: Yes. Monkeypox can be transferred to people who work directly with infected animals, such as farmers and slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, pig farmers, and meat handlers.

Q: Is it necessary to avoid eating bushmeat?

A: It is not recommended to stop eating meat.

Q: Can the infection spread to humans outside Africa?

A: Yes. All of Africa is at risk of importing imported cases of monkeypox.

Q: Is it a threat to health in Australia?

A: No, it is not a threat to Australia’s health.

Q: What countries have imported cases of monkeypox?

A: Japan, the United States, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Switzerland have imported cases.

Q: Where else has it been reported?

A: It is rare to import cases of monkeypox.

Q: What are the complications of monkeypox?

A: The most serious complications are pneumonia and severe skin infections, including a skin cancer called armyworms.

Q: What about Monkeypox in the Americas?

A: It is not widespread in the Americas, but it has been reported in the United States and Brazil.

Q: Are there any complications from the infection?

A: Some people with symptoms develop skin infections. The skin infection can result in serious and sometimes fatal infections if untreated.

Q: Are there any vaccines?

A: There is no specific vaccine. The best protection is to avoid contact with the infected animal.

Q: Is the infection dangerous for children?

A: Yes. Children are more likely to get infections and the disease may be more severe.

Q: How can people get monkeypox?

A: Most cases are spread through direct contact with infected animals such as monkeys or infected rodents, or through contact with their bodily fluids such as saliva, blood or urine.

Q: How can people prevent infection?

A: You can protect yourself by avoiding contact with infected animals.

Q: Can people visit areas where monkeys are?

A: The risk of infection is very low.

Q: Can people still travel to South Africa to visit a national park or monkey sanctuary?

A: Yes.

Q: Can they still go to Africa to visit monkeys or visit their national parks?

A: Yes.

Q: Is there any treatment for people who have monkeypox?

A: There is no specific treatment for monkeypox. Antibiotics can be used to treat the infection.

Q: Are there any health consequences from monkeypox?

A: The majority of patients recover fully, but some may have symptoms such as headache, fever, backache, swollen lymph nodes, and swollen limbs.

Q: Is there a vaccine for monkeypox?

A: There is no specific vaccine for monkeypox.

Q: How common is monkeypox in Africa?

A: It is relatively common in Africa.

Q: Are there any signs or symptoms of monkeypox in people?

A: Most people with a diagnosis of monkeypox have a fever, but it can also cause an illness with more severe symptoms. These symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle aches, fatigue and loss of appetite.

PREVENTION OF MONKEYPOX
  • Awareness of monkeypox
  • Avoid direct contact with animals
  • Avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth
  • Clean shoes and clothes properly to prevent transmission
  • Eliminate mosquito breeding sites by emptying standing water from buckets, cans, unused flowerpots or similar containers where mosquitoes lay eggs
  • Eliminate standing water from items such as tires, buckets, toys and discarded tires.
  • Cover up with long pants and long sleeves and wear a mosquito repellent containing an EPA-registered active ingredient
Outbreak in Africa

Cases of monkeypox have been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Senegal, and the United Republic of Tanzania since the beginning of 2017.

The current outbreak is larger than those that occurred in 2015 and 2016, which included more than 260 cases of human infection, including 52 deaths.

The World Health Organization, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and Africa’s Emergency Operations Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases are supporting affected countries with research, training and supplies to strengthen surveillance and case management, epidemiological investigation and community engagement.

The average incubation period of monkeypox is 7 to 15 days. The virus is transmitted to people from infected monkeys or through contaminated food, people or environments. It can be treated successfully if diagnosed early, with a combination of supportive therapy.At this time, there is no specific treatment for monkeypox.

The CDC recommends following steps to help prevent the spread of illness and transmission to others:

  • Bathe or shower with soap and water before touching yourself or your childWash your hands with running water or soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand rub if soap and water are not available
  • Avoid contact with ill people
  • Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
  • Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, objects, and even food that someone with a disease has touched
  • Always wash your hands before eating food.

Home remedies for diabetes

Home Remedies For Diabetes
Home remedies for diabetes

To control diabetes with diet and exercise alone is certainly doable, but can be hard work. And hard work needs to be balanced by easy living, for it to become sustainable. It is very important to remember that every bit of control of diabetes comes with a catch. And with that comes the amount of work it takes to live with.

Imagine you are a doctor at a very fancy hospital where all of the doctors and nurses live in separate rooms. On occasion, people like you and you help out when emergencies arise, but for the most part, these doctors are working themselves to the bone 24/7.

Now, imagine that every day, a certain group of doctors would randomly come into the hospital. They would bring with them a very different environment. They would bring a lot of air conditioners, electrical cable, and in some cases, their golf cart to drive.

This was exactly the case with the doctors that came into the hospital that first day and discussed their new venture.

They had a very big problem. They were suddenly fired by another hospital. They were upset that their colleagues were happy to walk away from them and continue to work out their problems themselves, but they realized that they needed a new lifestyle, that they could offer to the other doctors.

The solution to the problem of diabetes was simple. It was a diet and exercise regimen that has been proven to effectively control diabetes, similar to the paleo diet, that all of the doctors were on.

The major difference between the two was that this diet had been tested for long enough that it had to be used by the doctors that were fired, which helped to reduce the number of untrained doctors that were interested.

The diet and exercise regime was titled “Adaptive Behavior Therapy for Diabetes”. The idea was that if they got themselves organized and committed to the program, they would have all of the tools they needed to make it work. They could control their diabetes and allow themselves the flexibility they needed to be able to live their lives.

The only catch was that they had to change every aspect of their lives, including their diet and exercise. The diet was the same as the paleo diet, but the exercise was harder than they had imagined. The paleo diet is very simple and effective, but changing the lives of a group of doctors was a difficult challenge.

They had to change many things in their lives including their eating habits, their sleeping schedule, and more. But in doing so, it saved the lives of the doctors, improved their health, and resulted in them saving the lives of others.

Diabetes in a Nutshell

Diabetes is a disease that causes the level of people they come in contact with. In an hour-long lecture by Dr. Yacoub himself.

About 70% of people diagnosed with diabetes are unaware of their condition. This is surprising considering that this condition can be treated.

When the blood sugar is too high, it causes the pancreas to overproduce insulin. The body gets confused by the sudden production of insulin and it thinks that the pancreas needs to produce more of this hormone. The result is that the blood sugar is very high, causing the person to be extremely tired and sleepy.

When the blood sugar is too low, the insulin that the body produced is not enough to raise the blood sugar back to a healthy level. The result is that the person could have any number of symptoms that could affect their quality of life.

This condition requires continuous monitoring of the body’s glucose level. If this doesn’t happen, it can be a life-threatening condition. It is a very serious condition that requires strict control.

This is what happens to a pancreas when it becomes damaged.

After experiencing a sudden drop in the number of alpha cells (responsible for converting the glucose) in the pancreas, it requires surgery to replace them.

The operation itself would require 12 hours to complete. The procedure itself would require about 5 to 10 minutes, according to Dr. Yacoub.

These two are what happens after the person receives an insulin shot.

Stages of Induction

Normal blood sugar would rise slowly, while hypoglycemia would take a longer amount of time to raise the blood sugar. However, both of these require several hours to properly work.

If someone has diabetes but doesn’t know it, their body can raise blood sugar with hypoglycemia in a very short amount of time.

Dr. Yacoub outlined the stages of induction for blood glucose to build up.

Stage 1: Hypoglycemia: This is the first stage in the induction of diabetes. In this stage, the body is responding to high blood sugar. The body is sending out a distress signal to the brain, alerting the person of the higher blood sugar level.

Stage 2: Insulin Respiration: The brain is giving instructions to the body to start producing insulin. The person gets the information that his/her blood sugar has risen significantly and he/she is making a desperate effort to get the glucose to start working.

Stage 3: Insulin Production: The body starts to produce insulin. The person will start to feel better and will no longer be tired. He/she will know when to stop eating or to go to sleep.

Stage 4: Insulin Production: The person is producing insulin at a high rate, and the glucose level will start to decline. This stage is known as hyperglycemia. The person will get a wave of excitement because a lower blood sugar level is considered a sign of good health.

Stage 5: Insulin Respiration: When the glucose level has been restored and the person has gone back to his/her routine, the blood sugar can drop and the person can have hyperglycemia again.

Eating Right Can Save Lives

Dr. Yacoub explained that the most important thing to do to prevent diabetes is to eat the right kind of food. The foods that should be eaten by diabetics are white, yellow, red, black, green, and brown. The foods that should not be eaten by diabetics are dark, green, or brown.

Also, the person needs to make sure that he/she does not exercise too much. The exercise should not be too strenuous or the person’s body will not be able to handle it.

The food that should be eaten is the best thing for the health of a diabetic. There are other ways to prevent diabetes but nothing has the potential to fix the problem.

Are you diabetic? Can you take care of yourself? Do you know which diabetes drugs are not only effective but also safe? Remember, choosing the right diabetes medication is a great thing to do. What you need to know about diabetes medication is that there are options.

Call Now to Get a Free Consultation for diabetes medication

It is important to note that all diabetes medications can be divided into three categories;

The first class of drugs is called proinsulin. This class of drugs works by increasing the blood sugar level. When the blood sugar gets too high, the body uses insulin to bring it down.

The second class of drugs is sulfonylureas. This group works by stopping or slowing the body’s ability to use insulin.

The third class of drugs is the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. DPP-4 inhibitors work by increasing the body’s ability to use insulin.

When choosing a diabetes medication, make sure that you read the labels and find out the side effects. The choice should be made by having a thorough understanding of how the medication works and how it is supposed to work.

This is important because the second and third classes of drugs can cause side effects, especially when someone is taking too much of one medication. The second class of drugs can cause the person to feel faint. The third class of drugs can cause the person to become very angry or cause him/her to have a mental disturbance.

Also, in some cases, the person may not be able to concentrate on his/her work. Others may suffer from diarrhea, constipation, or low blood sugar.

Do you have diabetes? Can you take care of yourself? Do you know which diabetes drugs are not only effective but also safe? Remember, choosing the right diabetes medication is a great thing to do. What you need to know about diabetes medication is that there are options. Call Now to Get a Free Consultation for diabetes medication

Parental Intervention Is Key

One of the best ways that a parent can help their diabetic child is by providing the support that the child needs. This support could come in the form of being there for the child or caring for the child.

This support comes in the form of providing food, and transportation and making sure that the child has the things that he/she needs to make sure that his/her blood sugar level does not get too high or too low. The support can also come in the form of helping to set goals and helping to ensure that the child does not miss out on anything.

Dr. Yacoub said that the most important thing to do for parents is to make sure that they encourage their diabetic child to do everything that he/she needs to do to keep his/her blood sugar level stable.

The child can also make sure that he/she exercises, does the best that he/she can with his/her blood sugar level, and tries to cut down his/her carbohydrate intake. All of these things are good for the diabetic child and can keep him/her alive and well in the long run.

What is Osteoarthritis ?

What Is Osteoarthritis ?

What is Osteoarthritis

There is not enough evidence to say whether low-fat milk is more effective or whether there are disadvantages. Low-fat or non-fat milk should not be taken with aspirin or ibuprofen. There is not enough evidence to say if low-fat, non-fat, or skim milk is better.

Risk factors for developing osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis develops due to the wear and tear of normal joint wear and tear. This wear and tear do not always result in pain. However, some people get painful joint-related symptoms that show osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disease.

Other factors that increase your risk of developing osteoarthritis include:

  • A family history of arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
  • An unhealthy lifestyle, such as excess weight, smoking, and lack of exercise
  • Several lifestyles and health problems
  • When to see a doctor
  • If you have frequent and severe diarrhea or blood in the stool, contact your doctor.
  • See your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms. They may be linked to osteoarthritis:
  • Flare up in your joints and tenderness or stiffness
  • Tenderness in one side of your knee, knee joint, or hip, that gets worse if you put weight on that side
  • Pain in your leg when you lie on your back
  • Redness, swelling, or joint thickening in your leg
  • Weariness, weakness, or paralysis of the leg
Diagnosis

Diagnosis of osteoarthritis involves a medical history and physical examination. A medical history includes your medical and family history, your symptoms, and your medical test results.

A doctor will also examine your hands and feet. Sometimes, they may need to take a stool sample.

Disease tests

To diagnose osteoarthritis, you may need to have a few tests. These tests include:

Who is at risk?

Osteoarthritis is more common in women than in men. It’s also more common in people over 60 years of age. However, it may develop for the first time in people who are between 40 and 60 years of age.

Osteoarthritis is more common in people of African American or Hispanic descent than in white people.

People with a family history of osteoarthritis are at greater risk of developing the condition.

See your doctor if you tend to have frequent or severe diarrhea. This is a symptom of inflammatory bowel disease.

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosing osteoarthritis is a detailed process. You may need to have medical tests to rule out other causes of joint pain and stiffness.

A doctor may:

  • Take your medical history and ask about your symptoms. They may ask you to describe your symptoms and answer questions about your health.
  • They may ask you to describe your symptoms and answer questions about your health. Examine your hands and feet, and ask about any changes that you’ve noticed over time.
  • They may also look at X-rays, films, or medical scans that are available to them.
  • They may also ask you about any other problems, such as a joint injury or an irregular heartbeat.
Complications

Diabetes may increase your risk of developing osteoarthritis.

In people with certain conditions, such as diabetes, joint infection, or other chronic condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis, you may be at an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis.

Anyone who is taking certain types of drugs, such as:

  • Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, celecoxib, and rofecoxib
  • Blood thinners, such as warfarin, aspirin, and even aspirin and penicillin
  • Opioid painkillers, such as codeine, oxycodone, morphine, and oxymorphone
  • Many painkillers, including acetaminophen, caffeine, and illicit drugs, such as heroin and cocaine
Diagnosing osteoarthritis

You may be diagnosed with osteoarthritis when a doctor performs X-rays or an MRI scan. These types of scans will be used to identify how your body’s muscles are being put under pressure.

The next steps will depend on what the X-ray or scan shows.

If your joint is unstable, the doctor may recommend you see a physiotherapist for an exercise program that promotes strength and mobility.

If there is severe pain, your doctor may prescribe pain medication.

How long does it take to get better?

Diagnosing osteoarthritis is a detailed process, and your symptoms will likely continue for months or years.

In most cases, the type of joint pain you’re experiencing will improve gradually over time. The period it takes for the pain to subside is called the baseline period.

The study Ischemic osteoarthritis after spine injections (Ischemic spine osteoarthritis) found that the baseline period is approximately 8 years in patients with a stable condition. The study is published in the journal BMJ.

What are the treatment options?

There are several treatment options available to you, including pain relief and joint replacements.

Your doctor may recommend the following:

pain relief medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs).

knee injections or surgery to reduce the pain, improve your range of movement, and protect your knees. These injections are usually performed in the groin. In some cases, the doctor may be able to inject your knee into one of your fingers. In some people, the pain of this procedure can be so severe that the doctor will also perform surgery to replace your knee.

If you’ve had surgery on your knee, you may require physiotherapy to help you strengthen your muscles.

There are also several other pain relievers and joint supplements that may be available, including:

  • Acetaminophen
  • Naltrexone
  • Ergodic
  • Trax

You may also want to talk to your doctor about other types of medications that you may not have tried. These include:

  • Anti-convulsants such as valproate
  • Anti-nausea medications, such as ondansetron
  • Steroids
  • Topical steroids
Who gets osteoarthritis?

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), osteoarthritis affects nearly one in every 10 adults in the United States (7.1 million).

Most people with osteoarthritis have the condition for at least 10 years before they’re diagnosed.

It’s estimated that the cost of osteoarthritis in the US is more than $100 billion per year.

What causes osteoarthritis?

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is unknown, but some factors have been linked to a higher risk of developing the condition:

Osteoarthritis is becoming increasingly common, and the rate of new cases of the disease has increased over the last 20 years.

While a causal relationship between osteoarthritis and certain lifestyle factors has been shown in some studies, it is not yet known whether lifestyle changes reduce the risk of developing osteoarthritis.

History of bone damage (osteopathy)

However, other possible risk factors have been linked to an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis. These include:

  • Smoking
  • Being overweight
  • Being inactive
  • Abusing alcohol
  • Spinal issues

Osteoarthritis occurs when the hard and flexible material inside the joint (the meniscus) becomes brittle and worn out.

Several problems can cause osteoarthritis, including:

  • Traumatic injuries (such as a fracture or tendon tear)
  • Injuries from a repetitive motion
  • Repetitive strain injuries
  • Endocrine problems, such as osteoporosis
  • Lack of calcium
  • Problems with the immune system
  • Use of certain medications or drugs
  • Smoking

In some cases, osteoarthritis is the result of injury to the meniscus. As the meniscus is the cushion between the two ends of your knee joint, the meniscus is often injured during a fall.

After that, the meniscus can become inflamed and scarred, which limits the amount of movement in your knee.

It can take several months for the inflammation to go away, but your doctor may recommend that you take medication or undergo treatment to relieve your symptoms.

Alternative treatments for osteoarthritis

With alternative treatments for osteoarthritis, you may be able to decrease or avoid the need for medication, surgery, or physical therapy.

With alternative treatments for osteoarthritis, you may be able to decrease or avoid the need for medication, surgery, or physical therapy.

Although pain relief medications are generally considered the standard of care for osteoarthritis, there are several other options you may wish to discuss with your doctor, such as:

  • Acupuncture
  • Stem-cell injections
  • Tai chi
  • Low-impact, static exercise
  • Biofeedback
  • Medical Marijuana
  • Stretching and exercise
Learn about the best medications for osteoarthritis.


Alternative therapies can be beneficial for some people with osteoarthritis, but they do not replace traditional medical treatment.
Families may want to talk to their doctor about complementary and alternative medicine, including:
• Homeopathy
• Acupuncture
• Hummingbird therapy
• Chiropractic care
• Ritual healing

Homeopathy is a system of natural medicines based on the belief that “like cures like.”
In homeopathic treatment, the physician uses a solution that contains a small amount of a substance that produces similar symptoms in the patient as the original illness. This is intended to reduce the symptoms and improve the chances of recovery.

While homeopathy does have some scientific research behind it, it has been widely criticized by the medical community because there is little evidence that it is effective for any disease.

A similar but non-dietary therapy, acupuncture, can also help to relieve symptoms and reduce pain. A study from 2001 found that up to 61 percent of patients who received acupuncture were able to function at normal levels within two weeks after the treatment.
Another complementary therapy that has been associated with pain relief is energy medicine. This is a holistic treatment that uses techniques from other fields of medicine to encourage the body to rest, heal, and regenerate.
The goal is to turn on a pathway that regulates the body’s ability to regulate pain and inflammation.
Medical marijuana may help to alleviate pain from osteoarthritis. Medical marijuana may help to alleviate pain from osteoarthritis.

Medical marijuana, or cannabis, is a plant that has been used to help people deal with pain and other conditions for thousands of years.

It contains several compounds, known as cannabinoids, which may help to reduce pain and inflammation.
Researchers have found that cannabinoid treatments help to improve symptoms in some patients with chronic pain, including osteoarthritis.
They have also noted some side effects, such as anxiety and impaired memory, so discussing any treatments with your doctor before starting is best.
Practicing Tai chi and meditation can also be beneficial in dealing with osteoarthritis. Tai chi focuses on body movement and meditation is about focusing on the present moment.

When practiced with others, it can be a gentle but effective form of exercise.
Meditation also helps reduce stress and fatigue. It may be helpful to use a combination of both activities to relieve some of the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.

You should also try yoga, as this practice strengthens your whole body and includes breathing exercises.
A very last choice to recall is something referred to as osteopathy. This may be carried out at domestic with simple, low-effect sporting events that fortify the muscle tissue which has been suffering from osteoarthritis.

You can learn about all of the options for managing osteoarthritis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.

Inflammation and nutrition

When inflammation occurs with osteoarthritis, it causes pain and changes in the way the body functions.
Antibiotics can treat or prevent infections of the digestive system that cause inflammation. They can also clear the infection before it has a chance to spread and become serious.
In addition, maintaining a healthy diet can reduce inflammation. According to a 2016 study, the following foods have been shown to have a positive effect on treating or preventing osteoarthritis pain:
• Fish
• Nuts
• Leafy vegetables
• Turmeric
• Coconut oil
• Ginger
Garlic
• Cumin
If the diet does not appear to be effective, medications may help to manage osteoarthritis symptoms.
Hydrocortisone injections are typically the first line of treatment for osteoarthritis.

What are Alcohol Withdrawal symptoms ?

What happens if you Stop Drinking Alcohol- Withdrawal symptoms

Drug addiction is a chronic disease. It’s not a matter of “just going cold turkey.” It’s a lifelong process of detoxification. Recovery from drug addiction is a multi-step process involving at least two major detoxification techniques: the cold turkey method and behavioral therapies. There are many “snapshots” to know what to expect, and how to prepare for them.

Chronic alcohol withdrawal syndrome develops if alcohol is regularly consumed over a long period. Symptoms may also occur if an individual has an alcohol-related injury. Most cases of chronic alcohol withdrawal syndrome occur in women with a history of addiction to alcohol, although it can also occur in men. Withdrawal symptoms usually begin after between two and six weeks of abstinence. Chronic alcohol withdrawal syndrome usually occurs in people who have had regular alcohol use for at least six months.

It may also occur in people who have used alcohol for less than six months, although these cases are more likely to be acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. A study of men with chronic alcohol use found that 10% experienced withdrawal symptoms after they abstained from alcohol for 28 days. A study of young adults found that 47% reported some withdrawal symptoms if they did not drink for 30 days. The estimated prevalence of chronic alcohol withdrawal syndrome in the general population is one in 500.

Deeper causes of chronic alcohol withdrawal syndrome are not yet fully understood.

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms

  • Sleeping too much
  • • Less energy • Headaches
  • • Chest discomfort
  • • Jaw discomfort
  • • No libido
  • • Diarrhea
  • • Fatigue
  • • Dehydration
  • • Getting drunk
  • • Feeling angry
  • • Intense nausea
  • • Being upset
  • • Headaches
  • Anxiety
  • Emotional instability
  • Heart palpitations
  • Depression
  • • Chest discomfort
  • • Diarrhea
  • • Fatigue
  • • Feeling numb
  • • Slurred speech

Why Should You Know What You’re Expecting?

When starting drug rehabilitation, you shouldn’t jump in and “deal with it” right away. Your symptoms will be dramatic. If you get withdrawal symptoms for two to four weeks, that’s a normal experience for drug addiction recovery. First, you will have a definite “cold turkey” withdrawal if you get rid of all of your drugs promptly. If you do not, or it takes longer than two weeks, you may feel the symptoms of drug withdrawal even when your withdrawal is not as severe. Then you will likely have detoxification symptoms when you try to use drugs again. One of the most important parts of recovery is determining your recovery period, and knowing exactly what to expect when you get ready to get rid of drugs. A recovery period should be shorter than 14 days. A minimum recovery period of 3 months may be necessary. Depending on your drug addiction and the severity of your addiction, you may need rehab longer than that.

There are good reasons to take some time before getting rid of drugs completely. Especially if you get the cold turkey withdrawal symptoms, that can make things easier, but also a lot harder. You have to stay away from alcohol, and you may need to stay away from most drugs for a short time. You can also experience other withdrawal symptoms from drugs before getting rid of them. One of the ways to see if you are doing too much with your withdrawal symptoms, and causing them to go away too early, is by trying a drug that is also helpful in making a withdrawal easier. For instance, if your withdrawal from alcohol is making it hard to be sober, or if you are having severe withdrawal symptoms when trying to stop drinking, try a drug that is not in the same class of drugs as alcohol. Then see how much easier you can get without drugs. If you get the drug effect, it may be that you are not as far along in recovery as you think. Keep in mind that if you get withdrawals too early, you may have to go back to drinking before you are done with drugs. A few days or weeks can help determine if you need longer recovery periods.

However, there are times when you need to get rid of drugs quickly. Or when you might be in some danger of being out of control with your withdrawal symptoms. A person who is a real addict is more likely to be affected by withdrawal than someone who is trying to avoid withdrawal. It’s almost impossible to explain in words what it feels like. That’s one of the symptoms that come with being an addict. There are many physical symptoms of withdrawal, that can cause you to be more vulnerable to addiction. Because of withdrawal, you can have a higher chance of being offered drugs, drinking alcohol, or doing other things that can lead you to the danger of addiction.

Drug Rehab & Results

Drug rehabilitation helps a person with drug addiction stay away from drug addiction. The treatment will take time. Most of the time, it is needed for a minimum of two months. If your drug addiction is severe, it might be a lifetime of recovery. To help you succeed in drug rehabilitation, you should get the best drug rehabilitation available. When you get the right kind of drug rehab, you will be able to come out of it with a higher quality of life. That is exactly what it is there for.

When you get into drug rehab, you will be facing withdrawal. But when you are successful in recovery, that part of your experience will not be with you. That’s what drug treatment is for. Drug treatment can help you come out of the worst of drug withdrawal, and never have a problem with alcohol or drugs again. After you get out of drug rehab, you will have been through many difficulties, but you can get the support that you need from friends and family. And you will feel much better about yourself. You might even have a higher quality of life now than you did before you started recovery. It’s like what they say – you can’t recover from drug addiction unless you have confidence. You need to come out of the recovery with that confidence, which is only possible when you have a good recovery and not just a temporary recovery.

To get some good drug rehab and drug addiction recovery information, you can contact drugrehabdir.org. You can also contact your drug treatment center or rehab center for more information. Or you can look up drug rehab and drug recovery in your local area. Remember to always look for the best drug rehab available.

Stroke is a medical emergency

Stroke Is A Medical Emergency

A stroke is a medical emergency

Strokes are medical emergencies, and they can happen to anyone at any time, but they are most commonly seen in older people. As people age, the blood supply to the brain begins to deteriorate as a result of internal tissue aging and injury to the blood vessels in the brain. This can result in a brain that has less oxygen, is less able to communicate with other parts of the body, and that eventually can die.

Strokes can happen suddenly or occur over some time. When they first happen, the victim may feel weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg. There may be trouble speaking or understanding speech.

It is important to seek medical attention as soon as you can. If the stroke happens before a call to 911 or if you can get the victim to the hospital right away, the stroke may not progress so quickly.

Because there are different types of strokes, doctors will ask you about the symptoms of the different types.

What is a stroke?

A stroke is the sudden death of brain cells due to bleeding into the brain. A stroke is the sudden death of brain cells due to bleeding into the brain.

A stroke is a medical emergency and often the first symptom is speech difficulty. As the victim becomes conscious, speech becomes distorted, slurred, or slow. The person may experience impaired control of the eyes, limbs, or gait.

Stroke Is A Medical Emergency

It may seem like the person can’t walk, or he may be unable to turn his head or respond to his surroundings. The victim may be confused or agitated. Eventually, if not treated, the person may have difficulty speaking, seeing, walking, moving, and thinking.

Stroke symptoms also include confusion or unsteadiness on one side of the body, loss of sight or slurred speech, or numbness on one side of the body, which could mean that the patient is having a spinal injury.

A stroke can also lead to serious complications, including loss of bladder or bowel control, and infection, such as pneumonia, which is called ischemic-induced necrosis.

To read more about stroke, see this article on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.

What are the most common causes of stroke?

When a blood vessel bursts, a blood clot forms, blocking the flow of oxygen to the brain. When a blood vessel bursts, a blood clot forms, blocking the flow of oxygen to the brain.

There are several different types of strokes, including ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. An ischemic stroke is a result of a blood vessel within the brain or spine that has burst, causing brain cells to die. The most common cause of this type of stroke is a blood clot that forms in a cerebral artery or blood vessel that carries oxygen to the brain.

It can happen when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, which is most often due to an accident or due to diseases, such as cancer or HIV.

Stroke Is A Medical Emergency

The symptoms of a burst of a blood vessel depend on where the blood vessel burst. A person may not immediately notice any symptoms.

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel bursts within the brain and causes a massive amount of bleeding into the brain. When a brain bleed occurs, cells die, which leads to brain damage or even death.

A child who has a brain bleed that is mild enough that no other symptoms appear may not be aware of the injury. If the child is aware that something is wrong, he or she may exhibit signs of concussion, such as confusion, sleepiness, and headache. A more severe brain bleed, called hemorrhagic stroke, can cause paralysis.

Anyone who suspects a brain bleed or stroke should seek emergency medical attention. If a doctor suspects that a stroke has occurred, they may try to reduce swelling in the brain by giving the person drugs that dissolve blood clots.

What is a TIA?

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a mild stroke that occurs within 2 hours.Most of the time, a TIA will only cause temporary problems. They may cause mild weakness, such as clumsiness. Sometimes they may cause temporary memory loss, and in rare cases, they may cause a temporary stroke.

Stroke Is A Medical Emergency

A TIA is also often called a mini-stroke because it is very similar in its symptoms to a stroke that has developed later in the brain.

To see if you have had a TIA, see this Stroke Screening Checklist from the American Stroke Association.

How are strokes diagnosed?

Some types of stroke have visible signs, such as a person becoming speechless or having a stroke when they cannot move their eyes. Some types of stroke have visible signs, such as a person becoming speechless or having a stroke when they cannot move their eyes.

The diagnosis of stroke depends on several factors. If someone is showing these symptoms, a doctor can often accurately diagnose a stroke.

However, a stroke may not show any signs for a long time. If a person has a stroke but does not show any symptoms, they may not realize that they have a stroke. They may also be unaware of the possible complications that the stroke may bring.

The signs of a stroke depend on the type of stroke that has occurred. In most cases, a doctor will do a physical examination to look for any signs of a stroke, such as weakness on one side of the body or inability to move one arm or leg.

A doctor may also use other medical tests, such as a blood test, electrocardiogram, or brain scan.

The doctor may also order a carotid artery blood test. This test can show if a person has a history of strokes or other blood vessel disorders.

The doctor may also ask about any previous symptoms that the person has, such as trouble with swallowing, speech, or vision.

Anyone who has a mild stroke should speak to a doctor about these issues, as they may indicate that the stroke was not caused by a blood clot.

Identifying stroke in children

In some cases, a child’s symptoms of a stroke can be confused with a TIA. If a doctor suspects a stroke has occurred, they should consider the child’s age and other risk factors that could affect the child’s risk of stroke.

Stroke Is A Medical Emergency

In the majority of cases, the doctor will decide whether or not to treat the child’s symptoms with antibiotics. In some cases, antibiotics may be given as part of a treatment protocol to prevent a bacterial infection from becoming a more serious one.

If a person shows symptoms of a stroke or TIA consistent with a stroke or TIA, a doctor will perform a stroke test. The doctor will look for any blood in the child’s urine or vomit.

If the child has a stroke, then the doctor will likely wait for them to come out of the stroke before doing any further tests, including the stroke test.

The child should be encouraged to drink liquids to clear the head and brain of the excess blood. A doctor may also recommend taking the child to the hospital to ensure that any brain damage is dealt with quickly.

Treatment of a stroke in children

The doctor will treat a child’s symptoms for a mild stroke or TIA, depending on the severity of the symptoms. The doctor will treat a child’s symptoms for a mild stroke or TIA, depending on the severity of the symptoms.

When a child shows signs of a stroke or TIA, a doctor will immediately treat the child.

Stroke Is A Medical Emergency

If a child shows symptoms of a stroke or TIA, their doctor will do the following:

  • Administer blood thinners
  • Administer antibiotics to prevent infection
  • Give the child intravenous fluids to make them urinate more frequently
  • Provide therapy to prevent brain damage
  • Wait for the child to show signs of recovery

If a child shows symptoms of a stroke but is not quite clear about the symptoms, the doctor will treat the symptoms for a mild stroke or TIA with antibiotics. The doctor may also order blood tests to look for signs of brain damage. If the blood tests show signs of damage, the doctor may consider transferring the child to an intensive care unit.

If the doctor suspects that a child has a stroke, they will perform a neurological examination, which will check for signs of a stroke and signs of a brain injury. They may also perform a head CT scan.

The doctor may also choose to provide physical therapy to help the child regain strength and independence. The doctor may also prescribe other medications, such as blood thinners, to prevent a stroke or TIA in the future.

If a child is a young adolescent or young adult, they may have to wait for the child’s blood to clot to have an MRI. This may be given as a treatment when a child is in an emergency.

A doctor may recommend keeping the child sedated for the MRI so that they do not move while they are getting the scan.

The doctor may also consider recommending a procedure called thrombolysis, which involves injecting a drug into a person’s blood that breaks down clots.

Pregnancy

Most women who have had a stroke will have their symptoms reverse over time, particularly if they were prescribed blood thinners to prevent a second stroke. However, some people, such as those who have experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA), will experience a recurrence of their symptoms as soon as they stop taking blood thinners.

Women who have had a stroke are advised to avoid becoming pregnant for at least one month, to allow their bodies to return to normal.

After becoming pregnant, they are encouraged to take no further thrombolytic medications, except in a medical emergency.

People who have had a stroke or a TIA during pregnancy should speak to a doctor about the risks and benefits of giving birth.

Low oxygen levels in human body: This will improve it

Low oxygen levels in the human body

This simple fix will improve it – Do you feel exhausted every morning? Your physical and mental health could be the culprits.

Research published in The Journal of Physiology last month found that among the problems caused by a low amount of oxygen in the blood, that is, hypoxia, the most serious one is a reduction in the heart rate.

The study, published in the latest issue of The Journal of Physiology, established that hypoxia is responsible for more than three-fourths of a compromised heart, and other cardiovascular diseases.

Here’s what happens when you are oxygen-deficient:

Lack of oxygen can decrease the number of red blood cells and their capacity to carry oxygen to the tissues. In turn, this reduces your ability to carry oxygen, affecting breathing, endurance, and reaction time. This may also contribute to the symptoms of fatigue, which include weakness and fatigue and poor concentration, and general mental fatigue.

Other symptoms could be more severe and include pain in your leg, heart palpitations, swelling, abdominal pain, and difficulties with sleeping and concentrating.

Low Oxygen Levels In Human Body: This Will Improve It

If you struggle to get air into your lungs when you sit at your desk, ask a colleague to come over and do a regular breathing check. It’s important to know what you can do to make breathing easier and more comfortable for yourself.

Why you need oxygen to maintain a healthy heart

The lungs and heart are two major organs that help us get oxygen into our bodies and do the essential work of carrying oxygen to the various tissues that need it.

One of the most important jobs of the heart is to push blood to the tissues, especially the body’s smaller organs. Without oxygen, these organs cannot function.

Low Oxygen Levels In Human Body: This Will Improve It

The lungs are made up of two main parts, the left, and right lungs. The left lung is responsible for drawing in fresh air into the body through the mouth and nose and then sending it to the right side of the heart, where it is pumped out through the lungs. The right lung then does the same for the air that has come back out of the lungs. The right side of the heart has to pump out the air that the lungs do not need.

Without sufficient oxygen, the heart’s muscles slow down, and this can lead to the heart getting stressed and enlarged. A reduced heart can also cause high blood pressure in the heart and arteries that feed the heart. Additionally, reduced heart can cause heart attacks, heart failure, and other heart-related problems.

What you can do to improve your overall health

When we are tired, our whole body is tired. While this can help us fall asleep faster and sleep better, it also means that we have less energy to go about the day.

When we are tired, we also tend to be less attentive, which means that the information in the signals we receive from the brain isn’t getting processed as well. This can lead to an increased risk of accidents.

Taking time to rest and recover is essential to maintaining good physical health and recovery. Rest is vital to the recovery process and reduces the risk of future physical problems.

Here are some simple ways to take care of your overall health:

1. Get your vitamins

You must ensure you’re getting enough vitamin D, calcium, and iron, as these are all essential nutrients for optimal health.

2. Reduce stress

Get more sleep and eat healthy foods that are high in vitamins and nutrients. Eat foods rich in zinc and magnesium, which help with energy and stress.

3. Look after your gut

Help your gut to be healthy by eating probiotic foods such as fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kefir, and kombucha. These foods are known to help boost good gut bacteria and reduce toxins and harmful bacteria in the body.

4. Ensure you sleep well

Your sleep is a crucial part of your health, as it helps boost your immune system, and prevents depression, fatigue, stress, and heart disease. Your sleep should last between eight and 10 hours a night.

Low Oxygen Levels In Human Body: This Will Improve It

The effects of lack of sleep on your heart, as well as a reduction in the flow of blood to your brain and other vital organs, have been well studied and many of the studies have shown that too little sleep is linked to an increased risk of heart disease and heart attacks.

In addition, it is well known that obesity is a risk factor for heart disease.

5. Walk more

When we walk we burn more calories than when we drive or sit. Walking for at least 15 minutes a day is the simplest and easiest way to stay healthy. Walking also lowers blood pressure, can prevent weight gain, and increases your energy levels.

Low Oxygen Levels In Human Body: This Will Improve It

The researchers developed a protocol that can reduce and even eliminate the consequences of hypoxia in the body.

This protocol will improve your cardiovascular health by increasing blood oxygen levels.

How does it work?

Losing tissue oxygen is essentially what happens when you exercise. That is when your heart contracts, while it pumps blood throughout the body. During this exercise, blood pumps through the blood vessels in your body at a normal rate.

 

But when you exercise at a high intensity for a long period, or if the body is already stressed, the blood flow rate can drop.

Hypoxic breathing – breathing without enough oxygen in the body – causes a decrease in blood flow and oxygen availability to the tissues. The lack of oxygenation causes your heart to contract more often, to pump blood around the body.

What you need to do:

The trick is to increase the oxygen levels in your body so that your heart can have more time to rest between contractions and the blood flow to the tissues can return to normal.

To do this, the researchers implemented the practice of hypertonic fluid therapy (or inducing a fluid shift).

First, the researchers decided to strengthen the heart’s contraction capacity by boosting the heart rate.

To do this, they increased their heart rate by 30 percent, while using a device called a ventricular assist device.

This allowed them to decrease the amount of time between contractions, thereby improving the oxygenation of the tissues.

Then, the researchers started hypertonic intravenous fluid therapy, which allowed them to fill the blood vessels with more oxygen and increase oxygen delivery to the tissues.

Finally, they took a blood sample before and after the procedure and measured the hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying part of the hemoglobin molecule.

What they found:

The level of oxygen in the blood increased significantly.The scientists also found that the cardiac contractile rate increased, which is the capacity of the heart to contract.

They also found that the size of the blood vessels – which are the vessels in the heart that deliver oxygen to the tissues – was smaller, indicating the body’s ability to deliver more oxygen.

Further, they were able to show that the hemoglobin concentration was higher, which means the concentration of oxygen in the blood was higher.It is unclear whether a successful treatment for hypoxia will have the same impact on cardiac function. The researchers also concluded that it is not advisable to do a heart surgery procedure on people with heart disease.

However, doctors, physiotherapists, and exercise physiologists can use these protocols for developing protocols to improve heart function.

 

Does broccoli helps reduce Cancer ?

Does broccoli help reduce Cancer? For most people, the conventional wisdom that eating broccoli has health benefits isn’t exactly a glowing endorsement, with questions of chemical levels in the vegetable.

Broccoli is so typically referred to as a superfood that it’s easy to gloss over what’s actually inside it. Broccoli has a much higher concentration of vitamin K, vitamin C, folate, and beta-carotene than most other vegetables. So here’s why those nutrients can make a big difference in a person’s health.

Broccoli is high in vitamin K

Vitamin K helps fight against infections and inflammation by promoting blood clotting and blood vessel health. Researchers have also found that it can also reduce the risk of heart attack and cardiovascular disease.

Consuming three or four servings of broccoli every week can lead to a 20 percent reduction in the risk of a heart attack or stroke in individuals who have already had a heart attack or stroke, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine reported.

Broccoli is high in sulforaphane, a compound that may also have other health benefits. Research suggests it may help treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, among other conditions.

Broccoli is high in vitamin C

Vitamin C is an important nutrient for bone and muscle health. Too little vitamin C in the diet, which may be related to eating less orange or red fruit and vegetables, has been linked to a higher risk of bone fracture in women and fractures in older adults.

The amount of vitamin C in broccoli may be particularly beneficial for people with inflammatory bowel disease. According to one study, those who ate two to three servings of broccoli or other cruciferous vegetables were less likely to develop ulcerative colitis compared with people who didn’t consume these vegetables.

Broccoli is packed with vitamin C

Although a diet rich in vitamin C isn’t usually considered a significant benefit, it’s still worth noting that broccoli is packed with vitamin C, which is converted by the body to vitamin K. Among other nutrients, broccoli also has 6 to 8 grams (0.24 to 0.31 ounces) of vitamin C per one-cup serving, the same amount as an orange, and it contains about 150 percent of the recommended daily amount of vitamin C, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

The USDA recommends consuming three or four servings of cruciferous vegetables each week.

Broccoli is high in fiber

Broccoli contains lots of fiber, which is healthy for your digestive system and has several other health benefits. One serving of broccoli has about 15 grams (0.55 ounces) of fiber, which is equivalent to almost half of the daily recommended amount, according to the USDA.

Although broccoli has more fiber than many other vegetables, it isn’t necessarily a great source of fiber in its own right. That’s because many fruits, vegetables, and grains contain fiber, but it’s also present in higher concentrations in vegetables and is not as easy for the body to absorb as fiber in other foods. For instance, tomatoes have more fiber than both broccoli and celery, but they’re still low in both nutrients.

Broccoli is high in folate

The most concentrated sources of folate in the cruciferous vegetable are the stems or florets. In a cup of cooked broccoli, about 14 percent of the overall amount is the potent nutrient.

Folate, the B-group of the folate group of vitamins, may help lower the risk of birth defects and several other conditions, including prostate cancer. In one study, women who had the highest intakes of folate — more than 100 micrograms a day, which is about the average for Americans — had a 17 percent lower risk of breast cancer compared with those who consumed the least amount of folate.

Folate may be especially beneficial for pregnant women and women who are trying to become pregnant. According to one analysis, women who eat diets high in cruciferous vegetables are about 15 percent less likely to get breast cancer.

Broccoli is low in saturated fat

Broccoli is high in fiber and vitamins C and K, and it’s a low-fat food, which means vegetable has a lower-fat content than many other foods.

One cup of broccoli has just 0.3 grams (0.0031 ounces) of saturated fat, about one-third of the fat content in a cup of cooked cauliflower.

Consuming broccoli may help prevent heart disease

Dietary changes that reduce the amount of saturated fat in the diet may reduce the risk of heart disease. These include eating more beans, lentils, and nuts, as well as a reduction in dietary cholesterol.

One study in which men and women with metabolic syndrome — a group of risk factors for heart disease — were asked to follow a low-fat diet saw a 20 percent reduction in blood pressure. Another study followed people with high triglyceride levels to see if they reduced their intake of saturated fat. These people also saw a significant reduction in blood pressure and heart disease risk.

Broccoli is low in calories

Although broccoli is a vegetable that’s low in calories, it can still be a satisfying meal. A cup of raw broccoli contains only 46 calories and is a good source of vitamin C, fiber, and vitamin K.

Broccoli may help protect against cancer

Another study that looked at the impact of eating cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, on colorectal cancer found that they may protect against the disease.

Broccoli may also help lower a person’s risk of a type of skin cancer called basal cell carcinoma. People who consumed the highest levels of the cancer-preventing nutrients vitamin C and vitamin E were about 23 percent less likely to develop basal cell carcinoma than those who consumed the lowest amounts, according to a study.

The reason why broccoli may help prevent cancer is not entirely clear. It may have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help lower a person’s risk of developing cancer.

Broccoli can reduce arthritis pain

A review of research in Arthritis Care and Research found that people who eat broccoli may be less likely to experience inflammation, which can play a role in the development of arthritis.

Broccoli may help lower the risk of arthritis because it contains a compound called sulforaphane. Research shows that sulforaphane can reduce inflammatory markers in the blood and reduce the number of chemicals that contribute to arthritis.

How to eat broccoli

Raw broccoli is usually the best way to enjoy the vegetable. However, broccoli can also be roasted, boiled, or steamed, as long as the vegetable is cooked until tender.

In its raw form, broccoli is full of water, which can increase stomach irritation, or cause stomach upset, and it may be difficult to digest.

One study found that raw broccoli contained significant amounts of compounds that can cause stomach irritation. However, when broccoli was cooked, its contents lost much of their toxicity.

Some people do not tolerate raw broccoli well, which is why many manufacturers add water and salt to the vegetable before cooking it to make it more palatable.

How to prepare broccoli

Eating raw broccoli is a good way to enjoy vegetables. However, it may cause stomach upset for some people. Eating raw broccoli is a good way to enjoy vegetables. However, it may cause stomach upset for some people.

When raw, broccoli contains the following nutrients and vitamins:

  • calcium
  • iron
  • vitamins A, C, and K
  • fiber
  • potassium

calcium and iron may be absorbed better when the vegetables are cooked. Cooking causes the loss of some nutrients, so vegetable and fruit manufacturers often add nutrients and vitamins to cooked broccoli products.

Oncology research: Oncology researchers have found out, after studying 145 cancer patients, that including broccoli and spinach in the diet could reduce the chances of receiving a new type of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is used in metastatic head and neck cancer that has metastasized to the lungs, lymph nodes, or elsewhere in the body. The new research, presented today at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in Atlanta, found that nutrition could be an effective treatment for metastatic head and neck cancer, potentially changing the way the cancer is treated. Oncologist Satish Bhula from the University of South Florida was the principal investigator of the study.“Our research demonstrates the importance of selecting and administering drugs with a new precision for identifying and treating cancers. It proves that nutrition in the form of broccoli and spinach has a potential therapeutic effect on the metastatic course of head and neck cancer.” Dr. Khurram Nasir

Compared with patients who received standard chemotherapy, broccoli and spinach patients were also better at holding a weight loss or weight gain. This finding has raised the hope of this therapeutic being used to treat other cancer patients in the future.

Chemotherapy and cancer

Often chemotherapy is the best way to treat cancer. The main mode of chemotherapy is the drug peloton, which works on the surface of cancer cells and releases toxins that block the activity of vital cells and chromosomes inside the cell. These damaged cells then die. The chemotherapy was approved for use in the U.S. in 2013 after receiving the Food and Drug Administration’s approval in 2012.

The cancer researchers found out, after studying 145 cancer patients, that this method of cancer treatment is not very effective for the treatment of metastatic head and neck cancer.

Related to chemotherapy, the team has also shown that many patients lose their hair. Unfortunately, all the patients did not have enough hair to be included in the research study.

“There are multiple reasons why chemotherapy is not successful in treating head and neck cancer,” says Dr. Khurram Nasir. “It does not shrink the tumor. The tumors grow faster. That is one of the reasons the patients in this study lost their hair. Also, because of the chemotherapy and radiation treatment, patients develop anxiety. This psychological stress can also hinder the body’s normal function and affect the effectiveness of chemotherapy.”

The results of the research study support the findings of Dr. Sam Chang, an oncologist from Stanford University, who tested the impact of nutrition on radiation treatment of head and neck cancer. Chang analyzed 80 patients who were treated with radiation therapy and assigned a dose of a particular type of food to ensure they would receive food items with cancer-fighting properties.

The nutrition made a difference, showing that patients who were given broccoli and spinach lost weight after radiation therapy. The nutrition also reduced the need for additional treatment by two percent in patients who had higher body weight at the time of radiation.

Currently, nutrition in the form of broccoli and spinach is used in the form of dietary supplements. The study presented in Atlanta, however, suggests that nutrition in the form of broccoli and spinach could be used as a treatment for cancer patients, possibly changing the way cancer treatment is used.

Oncology and nutrition

This study is encouraging for oncology and nutrition. It shows the importance of a new method of nutrition in the treatment of cancer. Even if it is not directly related to chemotherapy, the study says that it can be used in the future to treat cancer patients.“The new study not only proved that nutrition had an effect on chemotherapy treatment but also helped in showing the importance of nutrition as a therapeutic agent,” says Dr. Khurram Nasir. Health experts would recommend that patients try to keep the weight and avoid overeating, especially if they have cancer and are undergoing chemotherapy.

“The type of chemotherapy given in this study did not include high doses of radiation and this is very important,” says Dr. Khurram Nasir. “Low doses of radiation will reduce hair loss.”It is also important to avoid the harmful side effects of cancer treatment. Most of the patients who were given the chemotherapy found it hard to regain their normal weight. The main reason was nausea.

“In most cases, patients do lose weight,” says Dr. Khurram Nasir. “At times, they lose a lot of weight. It is hard for cancer patients to get back to normal weight and control their appetite.”Even though it is difficult to lose weight after treatment, the best way to gain the weight back is to maintain a proper diet, stay physically active and follow the dosage of the food according to the prescription of the oncologist.

Severe viral fever in human leads to unstable health

Severe viral fever in humans leads to unstable health: A viral fever is usually non-infectious. It is a spontaneous swelling in the body as a reaction to an infectious agent or perhaps to an infection. It is an acute or short-lived disease, ranging from mild to severe. The fever is usually non-specific and it can include a whole gamut of symptoms. These can include some of the following: fever, fatigue, lethargy, discomfort, cough, conjunctivitis, headache, pain, and heart palpitations. The fever is often present before other symptoms appear. But it can be an early indicator of the severity of the disease. Viral fever is most commonly caused by infections, such as influenza.

Viral fever in humans is caused by the influenza virus; a contagious respiratory disease caused by infection with a type of flavivirus

Shortness of breath, coughing, sneezing, runny nose, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever, and muscle aches.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), you may have influenza.

The CDC recommends a yearly flu vaccine as the most effective way to prevent the flu. If you have been diagnosed with influenza, your doctor may prescribe anti-viral drugs.

Symptoms of the flu
People with the flu usually experience a sudden onset of fever, chills, headaches, and/or body aches. Some people may experience vomiting and/or diarrhea. The CDC says that young children and the elderly are most susceptible to serious illness and death from influenza. The CDC suggests that everyone older than six months of age should be vaccinated. Children younger than six months are at the highest risk for developing serious flu-related complications. The CDC website guides who should get the flu vaccine and when. The vaccine isn’t as effective against some other flu viruses, and it has been reported that some people who get vaccinated develop less severe influenza-like symptoms than those who don’t. The flu season typically begins in October, peaks in January, and continues until May.

How to avoid the flu

Flu vaccination is the best way to protect yourself, your family, and your community from the flu, according to the CDC.

Get vaccinated. The CDC recommends getting the flu vaccine as soon as it becomes available each year. Flu shots are available now, usually at many healthcare offices and retail pharmacies.

Practice good health habits, including proper handwashing, covering your coughs and sneezes, staying home when you are sick, avoiding touching your eyes, nose, and mouth, and cleaning commonly touched surfaces.

Many of the viral diseases of animals and humans are viral. Most of these diseases have one of four characteristic symptoms of a viral fever:

Treatment

Treatment for a viral fever depends on whether the infection is viral or not. This is determined by the presence of symptoms or because of the amount of fever. Typically the severity of the fever is related to the severity of the infection.

Generally, viral fever responds well to antibiotics, generally in the form of an antimicrobial like penicillin. The best available treatment is usually given as an intravenous or intramuscular dose. Antibiotics are needed for any bacterium or virus that is highly virulent. This includes bacteria such as cholera, typhoid, leptospirosis, HIV, influenza, and streptococcal disease. However, antibiotics are not required for milder viruses and can often be used only as a substitute for symptomatic antibiotics. There is little known about the long-term toxicity of antibiotics in viral fever.

Risk factors

Those at higher risk of contracting viral fever are people with immunodeficiency diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases like arthritis, heart disease, or other serious illnesses.

Diagnosis

Although viral fever can occur after an influenza infection, in most cases it is due to infection with a virus. This includes bacteria or viruses that cause chicken pox and many other viruses.

Diagnosis of viral fever is usually made by taking a blood or urine sample for testing. If the temperature is above the normal range, the diagnosis is likely to be viral fever. If the temperature is below the normal range, the diagnosis is a most likely bacterial infection.

Doctors also do not always rule out other causes of viral fever.

  • Symptoms and signs
  • Symptoms of viral fever depend on the type of virus the person has. Viral fever symptoms may include:
  • a high temperature
  • a cough
  • muscle aches
  • headache
  • runny or stuffy nose
  • red or inflamed eyes
  • nausea and vomiting
  • muscle aches
  • joint and muscle pain

Not everyone with viral fever will experience the same symptoms, although some common symptoms include fever, joint pain, headache, sore throat, and chills. If these symptoms occur, an individual should talk to a doctor as soon as possible. A doctor may also order blood tests to look for the presence of other viruses.

Treatment

Viral fever may be treated in several ways. Treatment will depend on whether the infection is viral or bacterial. If bacteria cause the fever, antibiotics will be given. This is because if the fever is not due to an infection, antibiotics are usually not needed. Antibiotics are only needed in the case of bacterial infection. Treatment is usually carried out in a clinic or the hospital under careful observation. It is usually necessary to give a dose of antibiotics several times within 24 hours. Antibiotics can be used for short-term or long-term treatment.

Conclusion

Symptoms of viral fever, fever, fever, and fevers, are often not specific. It is important to follow up on the symptoms with a formal diagnosis. This will help determine the diagnosis of viral fever and if antibiotics are needed.

The main treatment for viral fever is usually an intravenous or intramuscular dose of antibiotics, either penicillin or tetracycline.

Contraindication

Many of the antibiotics and other drugs that are used to treat viral fever are contraindicated for patients with certain conditions, such as severe anemia and the use of aspirin. This is because these conditions may make the disease c or help its management. Other drugs to be avoided for viral fevers are the concomitant use of antibiotics or analgesics, intravenous immunoglobulin, certain anti-tubercular drugs, aspirin, and oral antacids.

Ensuring proper infection control and maintaining the room temperature to about 38°F is also crucial in controlling infection in healthcare facilities. When there is a high chance of patients developing infectious diseases and the infection spreads rapidly, using certain types of isolation rooms in healthcare facilities has been a routine. When infection control is not fully carried out in healthcare facilities, this can make the problem more serious. Since some viral infections can be prevented or treated effectively with certain anti-virals and antibiotics, infection control is a highly important part of medical practices.

First hand smoke causes mutation in cardiovascular cells

First Hand Smoke Causes Mutation In Cardiovascular Cells

First hand smoke causes mutation in cardiovascular cells, alters DNA inside cells

Smoking leads to a significant decrease in the levels of a fatty acid called arachidonic acid in the body’s blood vessels. The enzyme that stores arachidonic acid in cells, called hydroxylases, is suppressed by the high levels of a metabolite of nicotine called NNAL. New findings published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry show that the suppression of arachidonic acid levels in endothelial cells by NNAL not only impairs cholesterol metabolism, but also affects DNA inside cells.

Arachidonic acid is a type of lipid (fat) that is important for normal cell function. Arachidonic acid is the basis of the skin, hair, nails, and the lubricating secretions of the mouth and digestive tract. It is also a component of the brain and other areas of the central nervous system.

What nicotine is to the brain, tar is to the lungs.

First Hand Smoke Causes Mutation In Cardiovascular Cells

Tobacco smoke contains significant amounts of complex and dangerous toxins that damage lung tissue and are associated with disease and death.

In 2010 the World Health Organization described smoking as “the leading preventable cause of death worldwide.”According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “about 17% of all deaths in the United States each year are due to smoking (whether or not the user is a current smoker)”.Non-smokers, on the other hand, are exposed to a significant number of carcinogens every day.According to research from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, one cigarette smoker will inhale more than 1,000 chemicals, and smokers will expose their smokers are exposed to several hundred.According to Health Canada, smokers who light up each day expose themselves to ten times more carcinogens than smokers who never smoke.

Tobacco smoke also contains dozens of toxins including:

In addition, cigarette smoke contains nicotine, a highly addictive and highly toxic substance.

When smokers take in nicotine, they are also exposed to chemicals that can damage their brain function and increase the risk of tobacco-related diseases,Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of lung cancer.While lung cancer causes only 2–3% of all deaths in North America, it causes 40% of all lung cancer deaths in the world.Smoking causes nearly 60% of all lung cancer deaths in Canada and almost 70% in the United States.

First Hand Smoke Causes Mutation In Cardiovascular Cells

Other lung cancers (which are not caused by smoking) account for 8–14% of lung cancer deaths.It is recommended that people who are at risk for lung cancer should quit smoking completely or reduce the amount of tobacco in their diet.Statistics show that tobacco use is a very strong risk factor for developing non-small cell lung cancer.It is estimated that nearly half of all non-small cell lung cancers diagnosed each year are attributable to smoking.Smoking is also a strong risk factor for developing squamous cell lung cancer (SCLC).t is estimated that approximately 10% of all SCLC cases are caused by smoking.Women who smoke have a 15-times increased risk of developing SCLC than non-smokers.

And women who smoke have a 50-fold increased risk of developing SCLC than women who have never smoked.Squamous cell carcinoma is a rare but aggressive type of lung cancer that develops in the squamous cells of the respiratory tract, particularly in the linings of the respiratory bronchi and trachea.SCLC accounts for approximately 4% of all cases of lung cancer and 15% of all cases of non-small cell lung cancer.SCLC is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer in women.Although the increased risk for developing SCLC is lower than the risk for developing non-small cell lung cancer, the cause is similar.

It is estimated that smoking was the cause of 5% to 7% of cancers in Canada and the U.S. in 1992.In 1991, the most recent year for which full data was available, 4.7% of cancers and 2.4% of all deaths worldwide were attributable to smoking.According to a 2004 report by the World Health Organization, smoking was the single greatest risk factor for cancer.

Not only does smoking cause lung cancer, but second hand smoke is also thought to increase the risk of lung cancer in people who do not smoke.In 2008 the WHO stated that people who did not smoke were at a lower risk for lung cancer than those who did.

First Hand Smoke Causes Mutation In Cardiovascular Cells

The following information comes from the National Cancer Institute and is about smoking and lung cancer prevention:

Smoking is the single greatest risk factor for developing lung cancer.Smoking causes approximately 80% of all cases of lung cancer, and is estimated to cause about 70% of all lung cancer deaths.The number of lung cancer deaths attributable to smoking is estimated to be as high as 443,000 and to exceed 715,000 in the U.S.

The estimated prevalence of cigarette smoking in adults around the world is about 20%.Most people who smoke began by the age of 18, and about 35% of high school and college students smoke.Smoking is the most common cause of cancer deaths in the developed world, and has now overtaken high blood pressure as the number one cause of premature death.

Health experts worldwide are concerned about the impact of smoking on public health, with a worldwide public health cost estimated to be about $4 trillion per year.According to a 2007 report by the World Health Organization, tobacco use causes one in every five deaths worldwide and costs more than $1 trillion each year in direct health care expenses alone.Over 14 million smokers die prematurely each year, and over 3.3 billion people use tobacco products.

Tobacco’s global health burden is equivalent to that of second-hand smoke, traffic accidents and all alcohol-related deaths combined.The report adds that tobacco already kills some 8 million people each year.One of the main methods of preventing smoking is stopping young people from taking up smoking.Some organizations campaign against smoking in the workplace and in restaurants.A law in California against smoking in indoor workplaces, public places and cars went into effect on 1 May 2007.There has also been opposition to smoking in homes.

Several such laws have been passed across the country, although some have been challenged by lawyers, some states have upheld them, and others have been struck down by courts.In the United States, some states have also approved legislation banning smoking in public places, including restaurants, cafes, bars, arenas, hotels and other public places.When smokers are given a drug to counteract the effects of smoking, these toxins are more likely to enter the brain, causing brain damage.The liver produces arachidonic acid and converts it into the toxic molecule, NNAL, which amages DNA.

Researchers at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) and University Hospital Frankfurt (Oder), led by Prof. Dr. Edzard Ernst, have been investigating the molecular mechanisms behind this connection.”The cardiovascular effects of smoking for several years. We are now able to understand the molecular basis for how the suppression of the production of arachidonic acid by NNAL affects cells’ DNA,” says Ernst, Professor of Oncology at the University of Exeter Medical School.

During normal functioning, hydroxylases are activated by arachidonic acid to make several other fatty acids that can then be recycled for metabolic use, such as arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA and EPA), essential for brain function. NNAL blocks the production of these other fatty acids by depleting the pool of available arachidonic acid and so interfering with lipid metabolism.

“Because we wanted to examine the effect of NNAL on both cholesterol metabolism and the expression of genes involved in brain development and behavior, we first needed to suppress the production of arachidonic acid in blood vessels by the enzyme that stores arachidonic acid in cells,” says Dr. Daniela Pfalzgraf, who is a visiting fellow at the Institute of Cancer Research in London.

The researcher now showed that the gene EZH2, which is responsible for the synthesis of arachidonic acid, is inhibited by the high levels of NNAL in blood vessels. This renders the enzyme unable to make arachidonic acid. “Excessive arachidonic acid affects the metabolism of cholesterol,” explains Pfalzgraf.

Arachidonic acid is then transported away from the cells to other locations in the body. Because arachidonic acid is not immediately available, the liver begins to make NNAL. “This causes both cholesterol and arachidonic acid to be stored away from the cell’s core, resulting in a drastic decrease in the levels of both,” explains Pfalzgraf.

During this time period, the enzyme EZH2 is suppressed. However, EZH2 levels will eventually rise again, leading to the production of arachidonic acid and the return of EZH2 to normal levels. NNAL also inhibits the expression of EZH2.

“These results show that the reduction in cholesterol and the storage of arachidonic acid are linked with an impairment in the brain’s ability to function properly. Smoking is therefore a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease,” Pfalzgraf says.

“The most interesting aspect of our results,” adds Prof. Ernst, “is that they are based on biochemical studies in which we were able to see how NNAL specifically affects gene expression.”

The research group, led by Prof. Ernst, in collaboration with the research group of Dr. Dominik Kraus from the Chair of Pharmacoepidemiology, discovered that the NNAL gene is localized to the nucleus and is not expressed in any of the brain’s primary regions.

Furthermore, they showed that EZH2 production is influenced by the levels of arachidonic acid. In addition, genetic analysis of brain samples of smokers revealed that this level of arachidonic acid is directly linked with EZH2 expression.

A limitation of the current study is that the data from the drug combinations did not allow for a detailed comparison with the effects of smoking without NNAL suppression, Pfalzgraf says. “However, we believe that these experiments have only begun,” she says.

In addition, the current study and the research group’s previous studies on the molecular mechanisms of smoking-associated disease have largely depended on blood samples. This approach is time-consuming and results in a limited number of participants. The “intrinsic” behavior of neurons, which are classified as stem cells, differs from that of blood stem cells and is therefore difficult to investigate, Pfalzgraf explains.

However, the data from the current study may pave the way for new methods of studying and monitoring NNAL.

The researchers now plan to carry out clinical studies of the effects of NNAL on blood vessels, and how NNAL affects the metabolism of different compounds, in collaboration with researchers from several different countries. “Our new data show that the biochemical markers we identified could be used to evaluate possible mechanisms of NNAL-induced damage in blood vessels,” says Prof. Ernst.

The researchers are currently planning to conduct clinical trials to study NNAL’s effect on the liver and heart.

“Neuroscientists are interested in the effect of NNAL on the individual gene expression in the brain,” Pfalzgraf says. “This could shed new light on the causes of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.”